The Broad Communications Free Essays

The wide interchanges as techniques for correspondence produces messages which are planned to accomplish endless with the goal of growing an advantage (as refered to in Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Due to the mass medias colossal extension all through society, Willinge, Touyz and Charles (2006), battle that it is likely irrefutably the most skilled and convincing transmitter of the appreciated self-discernment for females. In the past pictures of greatness and politeness were commonly portrayed utilizing craftsmanship, music and composing. We will compose a custom article test on The Broad Communications or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Anyway the media and its effect have profoundly changed and created starting now and into the foreseeable future, and it is the current print and electronic media that have gone under much criticism for their depiction of the celebrated self-discernment (Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Johnson, Tobin and Steinberg (1989) express that the slender immaculate self-recognition which is portrayed in the media is ordinarily 15% underneath the typical load of a women (as refered to in Hawkins, Richards, MacGranley and Stein, 2004). While Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann and Ahrens (1992) express that while the ordinary American women is in reality getting heavier, the media pictures of women are to be certain getting progressively slim (as refered to in Cory and Burns, 2007). Thompson and Heinberg (1999) continue adding to this conflict. They express that solitary 10% of women portrayed on TV are overweight. This isn’t a real depiction of our overall population today. Willinge et al (2006) states that 75% of people met believed that the media propels slimness as an ideal to try towards for women. Hawkins et al (2004) agree with these declarations and fight that while the media image of women winds up progressively slim it is making the ideal body altogether increasingly difficult to achieve and is making included weight women. Gordon (2008) continues seeing the media offer minimal fair assortment in the portrayal of women. In a report finished by Dove solid skin about ‘genuine’ ladies’ manner towards the photos showed up in the media, 75% of women communicated that they should see more noteworthy not too bad assortment of women in the media. This included women of different shape, size and age (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott and D’Agostino, 2004). In later years the size zero example has been underlined and upheld in various pieces of Western culture. Willinge et al. (2006) states that females are asked to attempt towards this image, despite the way that this ideal is finally phenomenal and risky and unreachable for most. Berel and Irving (1998) communicated in a report that female understudies uncovered that the media associated the most weight on the chance of slimness than some other source (as refered to in Robles, 2011). While Bedford and Johnson (2006) express that progressively young women are every now and again increasingly fragile to the multidimensional thought of the media and along these lines this normally realizes reduced degrees of control levels. McKinley and Hyde (1996) report that the media depict men and women in different structures which may add to the sexual externalization as discussed as of now. All through the media pictures that address men all things considered concentrate all finished and head, while pictures addressing women will in general revolve around their body. McKinley and Hyde (1996) battle this is indisputable all through each visual sort of media, explicitly music chronicles, business and ladies’ magazines. This complement on the meager romanticized self-recognition every now and again constructs the conclusion sexual encapsulation. They state that continued with introduction to these photos achieves various women needing to change their appearance attempting to ‘fit in’. Bessenoff (2006) claims that constant introduction to these photos of the meager respected body in the media can have various negative ramifications for women including; a decrease in selfesteem, despairing and dietary issues. While McKinley and Hyde (1996) comment that one of the most perceptibly terrible effects that reiterated prologue to the media can have on women is that of self externalization, that can't avoid being that women begin to view themselves as a body that is there for evalution. McKinley and Hyde (1996) agree with the end from Bessenoff (2006) and continue expressing that this therefore prompts a diminishing in certainty and debilitation and most cynical situation dietary issues. The most effective method to refer to The Broad Communications, Papers

Using Cultural Issues Essay Topics

Using Cultural Issues Essay TopicsThere are a variety of cultural issues essay topics for students to choose from. With their varied backgrounds, students will have an abundance of topics to express their opinions on. There are more than one hundred topics that students can take on, allowing them to write about anything and everything.Most students do not realize this, but the topic of politics often times carries over into almost any subject. Even the best students who do not agree on many things do not always think that their political views should be the focus of their essays. For example, it would be unfortunate if a student was writing an essay about world politics and their political views were written by a fan of George W. Bush.Because of this, many students are now deciding to include politics into their essays so that they do not have to make political stances the focus of their entire paper. Although some students like to focus on their particular topic, others find that it would be easy to write about their own political views if they included it as a brief or side note in their essay. If their political stance is a hot button issue that they want to discuss, then they will find that they are not able to write an entire essay on it. In fact, some of their papers may not even be accepted by the college due to their stances on different subjects.Students can find essay topics based on things that they enjoy, dislike, or even hate. For example, the students could write an essay on the different activities of a dog. This would include an outline of different food that the dog enjoys, some fun facts about dogs, and an explanation of how they train their dogs. A list of food for the dog, along with an explanation of what it is for, is also a great way to get started when trying to write an essay on dogs.Another way that students can bring up their political stance is to go with another theme. Instead of going to a topic that is controversial, students coul d try to go to one that is less so. This can give them more freedom to write about their favorite topic, while still getting into their political viewpoints.Students should keep in mind that the more conservative in their politics are, the easier it will be for them to write an essay about these subjects. If they are socially liberal, they will want to go with an easier essay topic because they want to avoid talking about things that might offend others. Students should take their time and make sure that they do not offend anyone.Cultural issues essay topics are very interesting to many students, and this makes them much more likely to be accepted into college if they are willing to do this. Students can express themselves freely and take their time to get their thoughts on the essay topics down. Many times, these topics will be a combination of several different topics that are covered in other parts of the assignment.Many students do not realize that there are a variety of essay t opics available, and this is a good thing. Essays should not be rigidly written because of where they are coming from, but should be as open as possible. It is very rare that students will end up with a perfectly acceptable essay topic that fits perfectly into every paragraph.

Creation and Evolution Essay - 3027 Words

Creation and Evolution Thesis: Through both scientific reasoning and consideration of personal belief, conclusions concerning the issue of creation and evolution can be reached that do not conflict with personal beliefs or scientific theory. Introduction The issue of origins has been long debated over the past century. Groups exist who believe anything from strictly the Bible creation account to abiogenesis to anything in between. Proving and/or adapting theories on the origin of the Earth and the universe, has been an ongoing process since the beginning of the twentieth century. The debate concerning what children should be taught in school has been ongoing for nearly as long. Christian scientists have both Christian beliefs†¦show more content†¦By 1925, states such as Oklahoma, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky had all passed laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution (1994, 27). Almost immediately, groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union began to oppose laws such as these, saying that this was infringement on personal rights. Movements continued and in 1963 the Creation Research Society was founded. This groups goal was essentially to obtain scientific evidence to back Creationism tha t could be used to dispute the evidence that other scientists and unions were using to refute the teaching of creation in the science classroom. In 1972, Dr. Henry Morris and Dr. Duane Gish established the Institute for Creation Research with the purpose of meeting the need for an organization devoted to research, publication, and teaching in those fields of science particularly relevant to the study of origins (Gish, 1993, 17). Evolution Over the next forty years, the laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution were invalidated or modified. Some states adopted laws requiring equal teaching time for creation and evolution. In most cases the courts determined the prohibition of teaching evolution unconstitutional on grounds that the First Amendment does not permit a state to require that teaching be tailored to any particular religious sect or doctrine (NCSE Court Cases, 1996, paragraph 1,2). Later, in 1982 andShow MoreRelatedControvery of Creation vs. Evolution in Inherit the Wind, by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee624 Words   |  3 PagesIn Inherit The Wind, by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, is about a big trial in a small town, and a controversial Creation versus Evolution debate. There are many characters with flamboyant and powerful personalities. Among them are: Matthew Harrison Brady, and Henry Drummond. Although all of these influential people are powerful, not all of them have the same amount of power, not only over other people, but over themselves as well. Matthew Harrison Brady is a very powerful, and revered man atRead MoreCreation Vs. Evolution : Creation Versus Evolution2016 Words   |  9 PagesCreation vs evolution Creation vs. evolution has been a very large debate for a long time. People have been debating whether or not evolution was fact or fiction ever since Charles Darwin published his theory of biological evolution in 1859 in his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, or as it is most commonly known On the Origin of Species. There are several different people in the world, each person having theirRead More Evolution and Creation Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pages Evolution vs. Creation How was the earth created? There are several different answers to this question. One is from a religious viewpoint and stems from the Bible. Another comes from the world of science and is based on evidence that has surfaced over the last century. The theory of evolution comes into direct conflict with another theory that has been around for thousands of years, the theory of creation. The theory of evolution claims that humans have evolved over thousands of years from apesRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution And Creation1511 Words   |  7 PagesGetting back to the subject of evolution and creation, I believe it is essential for future generations to make their own informed decisions, especially when pertaining to this particular matter. I am not opposed to the theory of evolution being taught, discussed, or researched in public school, college, or any other location in our universe for the matter. I am, however, opposed to any hypothetical theory being presented to our youth as the only option that can explain the origins of life, as thatRead MoreCreation or Evolution of the Earth1652 Words   |  7 Pages Was it creation or evolution? That is the question that is more popular today than ever. There are many different theories to the creation of the earth and the development of man. The big question is which one was actually true. Scientists will tell you evolution is how man was created. Creationists or Christians will tell you that creation was how man was created. Which group of people is right? There is a bill in Texas State Congress over a new proposed set of guidelines for teaching biologyRead MoreCreation and Evolution Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesCreation and Evolution Two of the main aspects about our reason on this highly sophisticated universe. No one knows which theory is the right one. It has been a mystery for many years to all mankind. Who knows how long until the mystery is solved. Your view could differ from many others around you. This is my view†¦ CREATION Creation focuses on one point: God. The Bible and the Qur’an are the best source for this topic. Christian creation ------------------ Read MoreEvolution Vs Creation Vs Evolution1395 Words   |  6 Pagescame first; the chicken or the egg?† Both evolution and creation make excellent counter-arguments against one another about how Earth came to be, and have also been argued against one another for many years. This paper will contain the topics of comparing evolution and creation; these topics are that they are both based on theories, Earth was one big continent, and natural selection. Along with those topics, there will be contrasts between evolution and creation; these topics will include chimpanzeesRead MoreEvolution Versus Creation And The Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution versus creation is one of the most controversial topics that have ever been exposed to the world. Scientist and creationist both argue that their perspective is more right than the other. In reality both sides don’t know the exact truth behind the creation of the world. Evolution is the p rocess in which something changes into something different and typically resulting in it becoming more complex and better formed. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist, suggested a theoryRead MoreEvolution vs. Creation Science1650 Words   |  7 Pagesdenying this truth, the world will not be able to develop. Evolution is verifiable in comparison to creation science because of the theories, evidence, and the increasing acceptance in today’s society. In order to discuss the irrefutable nature of evolution, one must be able to fully grasp the history of this groundbreaking knowledge. Evolution is often described as a change that has occurred over an extended period of time. The world evolution conjures several theories, â€Å"scientists generally describeRead MoreEssay on Creation vs. Evolution1348 Words   |  6 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Ever since the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the Genesis story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause of the debate because the different theories are simply myths meant

Essay on Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human...

HN 144: Unit 4 Assignment Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services The counselor in this article has learned a lot from Steve throughout his time spent with him. Some of the things I believe that he has learned was personal strength, how to see the world through another person’s eyes and also that not every case can be treated the same, especially when someone is battling something so deep inside of them, that you are just there to guide them through their journey at that time. Working with someone like Steve is not easy and it takes a lot of your own strengths to work with someone like that, but in the end it is very awarding and you learn a lot about yourself. Some behaviors that may get†¦show more content†¦Professionals inform clients of the limits of confidentiality prior to the onset of the helping relationship. (NOHS, n.d.). This is an important standard to follow because†¦.. Human service professionals function in many ways and carry out many roles. They enter into professional-client relationships with individuals, fami lies, groups and communities who are all referred to as clients in these standards. Among their roles are caregiver, case manager, broker, teacher/educator, behavior changer, consultant, outreach professional, mobilizer, advocate, community planner, community change organizer, evaluator and administrator. The following standards are written with these multifaceted roles in mind (Ethical standards for human services professionals). This is an important standard and it goes by the name of HIPAA (The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). HIPAA is important because clients come to therapists and counselors to talk to the in confidentiality and do not want everyone knowing what is going on in their lives. The only time that HIPAA does not come into effect in a medical setting is when we fear that that person may cause harm to others or themselves. HIPAA not only protects the client it also protects the medical facilitatorShow MoreRelatedCounselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services700 Words   |  3 PagesCounselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services 1. What are some of the things you believe that the counselor has learned from Steve? What are some of the counselor’s behaviors that may change as a result of working with Steve? Do you think that most people you come into contact with change you in some way? Explain. Things that the counselor learned from Steve included the knowledge of not being able to travel the path for Steve, but that he could be his companion on his journey and show empathyRead MoreCounselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesSome of the things I believe that the counselor has learned from Steve are, it taught the counselor that you cannot help a person on their own life path. Only they can find their way. You just have to follow them and be supportive in the situation and on the path they choose. Some people may try to take the easy way out of everything. The counselor learned that you need to help them to take the long road, even though it may be harder and more complicated, sometimes it is the long road that givesRead MorePASTORAL COUNSELOR S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER BClayton1713 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ LIBERTY UNIVERSITY PASTORAL COUNSELORS IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER A PAPER SUBMITTED TO DR. STEVEN BROOKS PACO 500 INTRODUCTION TO PASTORAL COUNSELING BY BEN CLAYTON JR. DETROIT, MICHIGAN MARCH 22, 2015 Abstract This paper is comprised of information gathered in order establish and identify ethical boundaries and guidelines that are to be adhered by this counselor. This study also includes information that is needed to obtain necessary licensing and training to ensure proper pastoral careRead MoreEssay on Hn 144 Unit 4 Assignment3236 Words   |  13 Pagesand references page where you cite the article and the Code of Ethics. These are the only two sources you will need for this Assignment. If you choose to use additional sources, you will need to cite them as well. The paper should be written in APA format using Times New Roman, 12-point font. It should be no less than 500 words and written in paragraph format. You will need to include in-text citations and references. Part B: Ethics are defined as â€Å"a set of moral principles and perceptions aboutRead MoreNursing Scholarship Essay2290 Words   |  10 Pagesnursing has grown: to encompass the entirety of health, healing and living a full life. I’m going to give a picture of my background through three important issues beyond the operating room but central to the field of nursing: cultural self-awareness, human presence (care), and critical thinking. These three issues serve as springboards for describing my own preparation for the study and work of becoming a nurse, as well as highlighting my educational goals and career plans. Nursing, being aboutRead MoreAchieving Missions and Goals with Effective Supervision and Management3015 Words   |  12 Pagesin his or her skills, motivations, and opportunity to engage in problem-solving activities and to develop new partnerships with key elements of the community. Community policing focuses on crime and social disorder though the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder. Community policing is a partnership whose objective is to determine community needs and policing prioritiesRead MoreEthics Of The Restorative Morals3269 Words   |  14 Pagesaddressing, little gathering courses, case based exchange and mimicked patient however without consistency or accord as to strategy or content7. This could be as a consequence of absence of understanding about what should we instruct in restorative ethic Physicians and Patients: As of not long ago, savants took minimal enthusiasm toward therapeutic practice or doctors codes of morals. Since the 1960 s, on the other hand, they have joined doctors, scholars, and legal advisors in establishing diariesRead MoreEssay on The Perfect Ruler in the Epic Poem, Beowulf2623 Words   |  11 Pageshave already tried to prove that the author of Beowulf designed it as a kind of Furstenspiegel (â€Å"mirror of a prince†) – perhaps for the young son of a prince, a thought with which Heusler later agreed† (36). So the author of Beowulf had in mind a human ideal of the perfect leader/ruler which he was trying to convey to the young man who was in search of the proper way, the ideal way that a ruler, a king, should govern his kingdom. This analysis seems so reasonable since the scop lived in the king’sRead More Case Study on Rape Victims Essay3962 Words   |  16 Pagesvictims report their rape. As a part of the twenty-four-hour hotline staff at a local rape crisis center, the duty of the hotline operator is to provide the support and counseling necessary to protect the victim’s identity. As a part of the advocacy services the hotline provides, the crisis center is dedicated to aiding victims both in reporting their crimes, and in the process such an action entails. Some people call the crisis center with the intention of reporting their rapes because they feel empoweredRead MoreEffects of Abortion on the Father6404 Words   |  26 Pagessituations; counselors are trained to provide the expectant mothers, vital information about her unborn child, and to present her with options. If a mother decides that she does not want to have her baby, she is shown feasible alternatives so she can make a knowledgeable and informed decision about the life inside of her. BACKGROUND: The shortened definition of abortion (n.d.), according to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, an abortion is the eradication or death of a human embryo or

The Effects of Prohibited Drug Intake on Human Behavior

The search for a more thorough understanding of the basic commnon processes underlying drug dependence has been thwarted by the lack of a conceptual map of the terrain. Investigators have been in the position of the crew in Lewis Carrolls The Hunting of the Snark. The Bellman brought a map purporting to show the elusive Snarks location: once the voyage was underway, however, the crew discovered the map was completely blank. All too often those of us in the field of drug dependence find ourselves floating on an uncharted conceptual sea, zigging and zagging in search of a common causal process. It would be as naive to suppose that all forms of heart disease have a common cause. Instead, it is more reasonable to suppose that,†¦show more content†¦To a degree, this has been a fortuitous historical development which has become entangled with unwarranted tenacity in our theoretical fabric. In attempting to specify the mechanism responsible for the effects of mescaline on the behavior of certain native Indian tribes who use the drug as part of religious rites, it is not especially helpful to specify the receptor sites in the central nervous system activated by the drug. The mechanisms which account for the drugs effect have to do with psychological, social, and cultural factors rather than specific neurochemical factors. It becomes evident that the choice of level of analysis is dictated by the system under study and by the degree to which the mechanisms proposed fit into an established set of lawful relationships. The existence of a substantial knowledge base with a rich network of lawful relationships makes it profitable to explore behavioral mechanisms of drug action. By behavioral mechanism of drug action, we refer to a description of a drugs effect on a given behavioral system (1ocus) expressed in terms of some more general set of environmental principles regulating behavior. Specifying the behavioral mechanism(s) responsible for an observed effect involves: a) identifying the environmental variables which typically regulate the behavior in question, and b) characterizing the manner in which the influence of those variables iS altered by the drug. In some Instances, the drugShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesfact that people say it can help reduce or put an end to the drug war violence and thus lower down crime rates in countries like Mexico (Berlatsky, 2), meaning it would decrease the amount of violence and problems from occurring, it’s not enough to outweigh the risks of recreational marijuana on people. Basically, since marijuana has several harmful health effects like impairing your memory, respiratory problems and even cancer, behavior change, and so much more (Thompson, 1), the government shouldRead MoreLowering the Risk of Spreading HIV1269 Words   |  5 Pagesneutral programs/options. 2) I just want to make sure I am laying out the landscape section accurately, and that I am providing the right information. Are some parts too detailed? Executive Summary HIV, also known as the human immunodeficiency virus, can have diminishing effects on the body’s immune system. Unlike other viruses, such as the flu, the body cannot get rid of HIV. This virus attacks T-cells (T-cells play a huge role in cell immunity), and replicates itself among the attacked T-cellsRead MoreEssay LSD: Lysergic Acid Deithylamide1554 Words   |  7 Pagesastonished with the results and chose to keep self-experimenting with LSD to firsthand experience the effects of LSD. Hofmann chose to intake LSD once again, only this time he calculated a safe amount. He thought he ingested 250 micrograms when the actual dose was 25 micrograms. It took approximately and hour later when the effect of LSD was at its peak. During wartimes motor vehicles were prohibited; therefore, they were obligated to ride a bicycle for transportation. On his way home, Hofmann beganRead MoreThe Need for Complementary Medicine2127 Words   |  9 Pagesthe counter in form of dietary supplemen ts. The natural products in this category also include probiotics which are live microorganisms (normally bacteria) which have resemblance to the microorganisms usually found within the human digestive tract and have a beneficial effect to the digestive process of man. Probiotics are found in foods like when one takes yogurt. Literature review Marijuana has a long standing history in its use as a hallucinogen. However, there have revolutions and the useRead MoreThe Discussion Of Drug Usage2073 Words   |  9 Pages The discussion of drug usage is a controversial topic in today’s society provided with both positive and negative aspects. Prescribed drugs are considered to be advantageous because it is used to assist an individual, regularly a patient, dealing with a specific concern within their body or mind. However, the misuse of nonmedical drugs has been spreading rapidly in the United States. When a drug is misused addictions can arise and cause several troubles in the lives of an individual (RozenbroekRead MoreThe Treatment Of Mentally Ill Prisoners1522 Words   |  7 Pagesover themselves, but are shunned and severely punished because of their disorders. They often face mistreatment because facilities are ill trained to deal with the detainees episodes and behavior (Horowitz 1). Likewise, because of their disa bility and criminal record, these inmates are often treated as second rate human beings and are neglected by the staff and the facilities. There have been several reports of abuse of mentally disabled inmates by security personnel. In California, an inmate who sufferedRead MoreDrug Addiction3845 Words   |  16 PagesDrug Addiction (Focus of the Study: â€Å"Shabungan† at Brgy. Victoria Reyes, Dasmarià ±as, Cavite) Group No. Cuenca, Ma. Kristina B. Enon, Jane Loraine S. Tuban, Julie An Pelisco, Marvelous Salcedo, Yvette Laganzo, Ma. Riellyn Mae Austria, Gerald Mateo, Alyssa INTRODUCTION: Drug Addiction is a chronic disease affecting the brain, and just about everyone is different. It was also a condition that characterized by compulsive drug intake, craving and seeking despite what majority of societyRead MoreCaffeine as a Drug Essay2841 Words   |  12 Pagespeoples daily lives. According to David Weaver, Caffeine and theophylline are among the most widely consumed neuroactive substances. These drugs are consumed most frequently in beverages, but also are present in certain over-the-counter diet aids, alertness tablets some analgesic preparations, and in chocolate, and are also administered for therapeutic effects. The problem with caffeine is that many students/adults are uneducated about this subject. Stereotypically, caffeine has been labeled harmlessRead MoreAlcohol: Its Time For Another Prohibition Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pages Alcohol is one of the most consumed drugs worldwide. Alcohol consumption dates back to the Neolithic period circa 10,000 BCE (Patrick 12-13 ) and is the oldest psychoactive drug. Alcohol consumption is tied to religious ceremony, social gatherings, and cultural events; drinking alcohol is even simply equated to fun. The popularity of alcohol can also be tied to a physiological reaction in the human body, â€Å"drinking alcohol induced opioid release in... areas of the brain implicated in reward valuationRead MoreSociety and Drug Use: a Sociological Perspective2922 Words   |  12 Pagesthere are substances that are deemed as both not acceptable and acceptable for consumption. The laws today are a result of ever changing societal norms. Before a particular drug is discovered, it is not illegal; it simply exists in nature. When that substance is introduced into a society, it must be determined if its effects are in line with the societies morals which may be in large part regulated b y the dominate religion. If it is proven to be beneficial to the society and abides by the social

Trap music Essay Example For Students

Trap music Essay Trap music is a music genre that originated in the early sass from Southern IP hop and crank in the Southern United States. 1] It is typified by its lyrical content and trademark sound, which incorporates 808 sub-bass kick drums, sped-up hi-hats, layered synthesizers, and cinematic strings. In 2012, a new movement of electronic music producers and Des emerged who began incorporating elements of trap music into their works. This helped expand its popularity among electronic music fans. A number of stylistic offshoots of trap developed, which in the latter half f 2012 gained a rise in viral popularity and made a noticeable impact on dance music. The term trap was literally used to refer to the place where drug deals are made. Fans and critics started to refer to rappers whose primary lyrical topic was drug dealing, as trap rappers. David Drake of Complex wrote that the trap in the early sass wasnt a genre, it was a real place, and the term was later adopted to describe the music made about that place. GIGS and Three 6 Mafia were among the first rappers to introduce trap music. The lyrics covered topics about life in the trap, drug dealing and the struggle for success. Local Southern rappers, such as T. L. , Gucci Mane and Young Jeez helped expand the popularity of the genre and trap records started to appear on local mistakes and radio stations. In 2003, trap began to emerge after the success of a number of albums and singles released at the time. T. L. s second studio album Trap Muzzy achieved major commercial success, selling over 2. 1 million copies and receiving favorable reviews. The albums lead single, asss, was featured on Seas popular video game Need for Speed: Underground. In 2005, trap music broke in the mainstream with the release of Young Joeys Lets Get It: Thug Motivation 101. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, with 172,000 copies sold in its first week of release and was later certified platinum by the ARIA for shipment of over 1 million copies. Some of the first trap producers include Drama Boy, Shasta Reed, Acetone and DC Tom. trap music By Bujumbura

Resilient Supply Chain Essay Example

Resilient Supply Chain Essay In the recent years many disasters and catastrophic events such as hurricane Mitch, tsunamis, SARS, terrorist attacks and earthquakes have shown that we live in world with increasing uncertainty. These events can cause major disruptions in the supply chain. Although similar events have occurred, since the terrorist attacks of September 11 of 2001 the firms began to reassess the benefits of commonly accepted strategies for sourcing, transportation, demand, planning and managements in a stable environment (Martha and Subbakrisha 2003).In a competitive environment many firms have developed global supply chains which are complex to manage and vulnerable to disruptions. The literature has documented many cases of what can possible go wrong in this supply chains due to unexpected events and what can we learn. For example, Ericsson lost 400 millions euros and the dominant position in the mobile phone market because the managers misestimated the consequences of a fire suffer by their semicon ductor supplier’s plant in Albuquerque (Chopra Sodhi (2004, Rice and Caniato (2003).Norman and Jansson (2004) follow up this case and show how Ericsson implemented proactive supply risk management. Supply chain disruptions can potential compromise facilities, equipment and human resources and the value of stock market shares. Consequently, some studies have quantified the repercussions both in the short and the long run of disruptions in the supply chain. For example, Rice and Caniato (2003) present the results from a company survey that estimates a $50 million to $100 million cost impact for each day its supply network was disrupted.Hendricks and Singhal (2005) analyze the stock market reaction when firms publicly announce they are experiencing disruption during 1989–2000. On a sample of 827 the authors find that one year before through two years after the disruption announcement date, the mean abnormal return of their sample firms was from 33 40%. The author point out that their results suggest that the firms need to invest and develop capabilities and infrastructure that allow them improve reliability and responsiveness in their supply chainThe associated operation and financial risk of supply chain disruptions has been an increasing interesting topic for doing research for academic and practitioners (Craighead et al (2007). The dynamic and evolving nature of supply chain risk does not allow being free of vulnerability (Peck 2005) so it is important to design supply chain that can overcome disruptions and adapt a changing environment. This supply chain is called â€Å"resilient† and there is an increasingly number of papers that discuss the main strategies to build resilient supply chain.The main propose of this paper is to survey the literature in resilient supply chain and try to identify possible research opportunities. Managers Perceptions Catastrophic events and disruption had occurred form a long time and managers are aware of t heir economic and operational consequences. For example, Knight and Pretty (1996) found that the impact of a disruption on shareholder was a sharp decrease of almost 8% and a recovery time (if recovery is possible) of 50 trading days.Despite manager’s recognition of the importance of risk assessment, little investment of resources and time for mitigating supply chain risks have been done. Research has found that is difficult to perform cost/benefit analysis or return on investment analysis to justify certain risk reduction programs or contingency plans (Closs and McGarrell (2004), Rice and Caniato (2003)). Consequently, passive acceptance is often the default strategy even when it is not appropriate (Tomlin 2006).Furthermore as Repenning and Sterman (2001) point out firms rarely invest in improvement programs in a proactive manner because ‘‘nobody gets credit for fixing problems that never happened. ’’ In a recent survey (Poirier and Quinn 2004) foun d that only 33% of firms responded that they paid â€Å"sufficient attention to supply chain vulnerability and risk mitigation actions. Moreover, Mitroff and Alpaslan (2003) present research on preparing for terrorism and state that only between 5% and 25% percent of Fortune 500 companies are prepared to handle crises or disruptions.The answer of how to improve security without jeopardizing supply chain effectiveness can be found in the quality movement (Lee and Wolfe ( 2003)) . Disruptions Drivers, Vulnerabilities and Security Initiatives In this section we briefly show the frameworks, security initiatives and analytical models for assessing risk and mitigating disruptions that have been developed in the literature. †¢ Iniciatives Many authors (Tang (2006a), Lee and Wolfe (2003) and Rice and Caniato(2003)) have explained security initiatives to improve the supply chain security developed and launched by US government after the terrorist attacks.Two important initiatives are: Container Security Initiative launched by US Customs in 2002, allow firms to target conducted at foreign ports before loading and examine high risk-overseas before arrive US ports and Customs –Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) certificated programmed was established by Customs in 2002. Certificated firms will have the benefit of reduce cargo exams. These initiatives have raised some concerns. For example, Rice and Caniato (2003) pint out that security requires a continuous commitment and effort of many parties. †¢ FrameworkDatta and Allen (2005) develop a multi-dimensional framework of supply chain resilience based on concepts from diverse fields of research. The framework captures two main aspects of a resilient supply chain: the capacity to maintain the production system when a disruption the agility to respond to changes in the environment and customer requirements. Then the authors model the supply chain as a complex system and used multiple adaptive agent s that were able to coordinate and adapted to different business scenarios. Chopra and Sodhi (2004) show 8 categories of supply chain risk and their drivers.Disruptions, one of the categories, have these drivers: Labor dispute, supplier bankruptcy, war and terrorism, dependency on a single source of supply as well as the capacity and responsiveness of alternative suppliers. The author used scenarios methodology (what if) to understand the impacts in each risk categories and then show suitable effective mitigation strategies. Peck (2005) using in-depth exploratory case studies and depth interviews find that there is a little understanding of the scope and dynamics of the vulnerability.She proposed an integrated framework that has four levels of analysis: value stream/product or process; asset and infrastructure dependencies; organizations and inter-organizational networks; and social and natural environment. She states that, the resilience of the network should be asses focusing on c ritical operational assets at stage two. Sheffi and Rice (2005) determines the profile of a disruption where the show the different stages of a disruption form preparation to long term-impact.They also develop a vulnerability assessment where a firm can map the different disruptions into four quadrants that are form by the interaction of the potential consequences and the disruption probability. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) the author develops a conceptual framework (SAM) for managing supply chain risk which considers the three tasks: Specifying sources of risk management, Assessment and Mitigation. The authors introduce 10 principles to implement SAM. Based on empirical results from U.S Chemical industry, the author point out that reducing the frequency and severity of risks faced and increase the capacity supply chain participant is important dimension in disruption risk management in supply chains. Craighead et al (2007) develop six prepositions that show that the severity of the impact of a disruption is moderated by three supply chain design characteristics density, complexity, and node criticality and two supply chain mitigation capabilities of recovery and warning. †¢ ModelsTomlin (2006) shows different financial tactics and operation mitigation and contingency tactics that a firm can use to manage disruptions. Mitigation tactics refers to an action that firm performs before the disruption occurs and contingency tactics when the disaster occurs. He develops a supply chain model that considers a single product firm which can source from two suppliers, one reliable and another unreliable. He finds that the percentage uptime and the frequency and length of the disruptions are key determinants of the optimal policy.Wu et al (2007) present a model called Disruption Analysis Network (DA_NET) that used a Petri net approach to model a supply chain system and its disruptions. The authors state the use of DA_NET can be used to understand the propagation of di sruptions and how do they affect the operational performance of the supply chain such as: cost or leadtime. Defining Resilience in Supply Chains Resilient is a well known concept in disciplines such as: ecology, psychology and mechanical engineering. Coutu (2002) introduces the concept of organizational resilience, which can be defined as â€Å"the ability to bend and bounce back from hardship†.Some definitions of resilience related with supply chain are: Christopher and Peck (2003) define resilience as â€Å"the ability of a system to return to its original state or move to a new, more desirable state after being disturbed’. Implicit in this definition is the notion of flexibility, and given that the desired state may be different from the original, ‘adaptability’ One of the most powerful ways of achieving resilience is to create networks, which are capable of more rapid response to changed conditions. This is the idea of agility.Christopher (2004). Mitr off and Alpasan (2003) state that resilient organizations are ‘crisis prepared (or proactive)’ encounter fewer disasters and recover better from hardship. Sheffi defines resilience as â€Å"the ability of a company to bounce back from disruptions†. From the definitions we can notice that resilience have two main characteristics: The capacity to overcome a disruption minimizing the impact and respond to changes in the environment to gain control of the opportunities (Datta and Allen (2005)). Building ResilienceMost of the research recreates short cases were the introduce strategies implemented and developed by many firms. For example, postporment strategy (Lee (1996)) has appeared in many papers (Lee and Wolfe (2003), Tang (2006a)) and illustrated the cases of Benetton and HP deskjet printers. The first papers do not explicitly introduce the term resilience but recommend strategies that are used to secure the supply chain, some of these strategies were also are in corporated in latter papers of resilient supply chain.Following we will briefly summarize the papers that have shown strategies to build resilience in supply chains. Yossi Sheffi (2001) determines the challenges that the firms face in this new environment. The author establishes that redundancies is one possible operate alternative to deal with the terrorist attacks. The paper identifies and discusses some important trade-offs: †¢ Redundancy vs. efficiency. †¢ Centralization vs. dispersion. †¢ The lowest bidder vs. the known supplier. †¢ Government cooperation vs. irect shareholder value. †¢ Managing risk vs. delivering value. Juntter et al. (2003) find that for mangers handling tradeoff is very relevant. Therefore, they claim further research in the ones propose by Sheffi (2001) and develop decision making tools in supply chain. Martha, J. and Subbakrishna, S. (2002) discuss the following strategies to mitigate risk: cultivate sourcing alternative, insure t he risk if you can ,line up alternative transportation, manage inventory right level ,build in quick respond to shifts in demand.Lee and Wolfe (2003) discuss fix mitigating strategies for the effects of a security breach when it occurs. These strategies are: †¢ Comprehensive Tracking and Monitoring †¢ Total Supply Network Visibility. †¢ Flexible Sourcing Strategies: Create a local supply source, develop multiple source component sources for the same component or input material and use supplier with more the one manufacture site to supply materials. †¢ Balance inventory management. †¢ Product and Process Redesign: Standardization and Postponement †¢ Demand Based ManagementChristopher and Peck (2004) describe 4 four principles to create resilience supply chain and in each they determine some key elements: †¢ Supply chain (re) engineering: Supply chain understanding, supply chain design principles and supply base strategy †¢ Supply chain Collabor ation: Collaboration planning and supply chain intelligence †¢ Agility: visibility and velocity and acceleration. †¢ Create a supply chain management culture: continue teams, board- level responsibility andf leadership and factor risk consideration into decision makingRice, J. B. and Caniato (2003) states that resilience can be build be flexibility and redundancy. Redundancy is achieved by maintaining capacity such as: inventory, additional production lines, qualifying and maintaining multiple suppliers, maintaining a dedicated transportation fleet in order to respond to a disruption. The authors state that flexibility is achieved by creating capabilities in the firm’s organization to respond by using existing capacity that can be redirected or reallocated .They also show advantages and disadvantages of different strategies to build resilience for each of the possible disruptions (supply, transportation, production facilities, communication and human resources) that a firm can face in the supply chain. Sheffi (2005) points out that resilience can be achieved by increasing redundancy, building flexibility and changing corporate strategy. He shows actions in each of these strategies. †¢ Redundancy: †¢ Flexibility: Postponement, Standardized process, Concurrency process. Culture Change: Continuous communication, empowerment, passion for work, conditioning for disruptions Peck (2005) states that for a firm to remain truly resilient need slack in the system in the form of inventory, capacity, and capability and even time, plus constant awareness and vigilance. This confirms the importance of redundancy. Lee (2004) study more than 60 successful supply chains around the world and found out that they shared main three characteristics: agility, adaptability and aligned. He introduced a new concept â€Å"The Triple-A Supply Chain†.We can observe that authors have explicitly discussed the first two characteristics as principles to build a resilient supply chains. Some elements of alignment have been explicitly mention resilient supply chain literature. Robust strategies for mitigating disruptions Tang (2006b) introduces the concept of robust strategies have two main proprieties: efficiency and resilience. This means that robust strategists are a subset of the resilient strategies and do not consider redundancies. Tang (2006a) discuss eight robust strategies that have been used by ifferent firms : Postponement, strategic stock, flexible supply base, make and buy, economic supply incentives, flexible transportation, revenue management, dynamic assortment planning and silent product rollover. Table 1 summary of Strategies for building resilient supply Chains |Papers |Methodology |Resilience Strategies | |Christopher and Peck (2003) |Case studies and interviews |Four principles | |Rice, J.B. and Caniato (2003) |Case studies and interviews |Flexibility and redundancy | | | |Strategies depending in the disruption | |Shef fi (2001, 2005) |Case studies and interviews |Redundancy flexibility and culture change. | | | |It is important to consider Trade offs | |Martha, J. nd Subbakrishna, S. |Case studies |Idea of Just in Case, strategies that creates redundancy. | |(2002 | | | |Lee and Wolfe (2003) |Case studies |Introduce how to implement security in supply chain following the path| | | |of the quality movement. | | |fix mitigating strategies for the effects of a security breach | |Tang (2006 a) and (2006b) |Survey papers |Robust strategies =resilient and cost effective. | | | |Eight robust strategies | Conclusions Two big project that provided important knowledge in resilient supply chain are: the first was developed during three years by Sheffi, Rice, Cianiato nd other researchers at MIT center of transportation of MIT and the second sponsored by UK government and developed by Christopher, Peck and other researchers at Cranfiled University. The primarily methodology for studying resilient supply chai n is based on cases and interviews and many studies have discussed the same strategies. As Blackhurst et al (2005) states the literature related to supply-chain disruptions is informative. Consequently, they are some research opportunities in this topic that has an increasingly interest for academia and practitioners.For example INFORMS 2006 annual meeting one of the sessions was dedicated to this topic â€Å"the resilient enterprise- Challenges in supply change security and resilience† Future research There are many opportunities for future research. Some interest topics can be: †¢ How to evaluate the disruptions (low-probability/high-impact) †¢ How can we create resilience we the introduction of new technologies for example, (RFID) †¢ Empirically determine why some companies adopt resilient practice and other do not (Importance supply chain in the firm) †¢ Develop measures or metrics for resilient (do resilient enterprise performs better).It would be dif ficult to actually have a metric for resilience or vulnerability in the supply chain that can capture all the potential risks that a firm faces under such disruptions. †¢ Alliances among suppliers and supply chains. †¢ Humanitarian logistics , what can resilient enterprise learn. †¢ Which elements in common have the companies that are consider resilient. (which strategy is more applied) †¢ How to create resilience in services operations. Resilient Supply Chain Essay Example Resilient Supply Chain Essay In the recent years many disasters and catastrophic events such as hurricane Mitch, tsunamis, SARS, terrorist attacks and earthquakes have shown that we live in world with increasing uncertainty. These events can cause major disruptions in the supply chain. Although similar events have occurred, since the terrorist attacks of September 11 of 2001 the firms began to reassess the benefits of commonly accepted strategies for sourcing, transportation, demand, planning and managements in a stable environment (Martha and Subbakrisha 2003).In a competitive environment many firms have developed global supply chains which are complex to manage and vulnerable to disruptions. The literature has documented many cases of what can possible go wrong in this supply chains due to unexpected events and what can we learn. For example, Ericsson lost 400 millions euros and the dominant position in the mobile phone market because the managers misestimated the consequences of a fire suffer by their semicon ductor supplier’s plant in Albuquerque (Chopra Sodhi (2004, Rice and Caniato (2003).Norman and Jansson (2004) follow up this case and show how Ericsson implemented proactive supply risk management. Supply chain disruptions can potential compromise facilities, equipment and human resources and the value of stock market shares. Consequently, some studies have quantified the repercussions both in the short and the long run of disruptions in the supply chain. For example, Rice and Caniato (2003) present the results from a company survey that estimates a $50 million to $100 million cost impact for each day its supply network was disrupted.Hendricks and Singhal (2005) analyze the stock market reaction when firms publicly announce they are experiencing disruption during 1989–2000. On a sample of 827 the authors find that one year before through two years after the disruption announcement date, the mean abnormal return of their sample firms was from 33 40%. The author point out that their results suggest that the firms need to invest and develop capabilities and infrastructure that allow them improve reliability and responsiveness in their supply chainThe associated operation and financial risk of supply chain disruptions has been an increasing interesting topic for doing research for academic and practitioners (Craighead et al (2007). The dynamic and evolving nature of supply chain risk does not allow being free of vulnerability (Peck 2005) so it is important to design supply chain that can overcome disruptions and adapt a changing environment. This supply chain is called â€Å"resilient† and there is an increasingly number of papers that discuss the main strategies to build resilient supply chain.The main propose of this paper is to survey the literature in resilient supply chain and try to identify possible research opportunities. Managers Perceptions Catastrophic events and disruption had occurred form a long time and managers are aware of t heir economic and operational consequences. For example, Knight and Pretty (1996) found that the impact of a disruption on shareholder was a sharp decrease of almost 8% and a recovery time (if recovery is possible) of 50 trading days.Despite manager’s recognition of the importance of risk assessment, little investment of resources and time for mitigating supply chain risks have been done. Research has found that is difficult to perform cost/benefit analysis or return on investment analysis to justify certain risk reduction programs or contingency plans (Closs and McGarrell (2004), Rice and Caniato (2003)). Consequently, passive acceptance is often the default strategy even when it is not appropriate (Tomlin 2006).Furthermore as Repenning and Sterman (2001) point out firms rarely invest in improvement programs in a proactive manner because ‘‘nobody gets credit for fixing problems that never happened. ’’ In a recent survey (Poirier and Quinn 2004) foun d that only 33% of firms responded that they paid â€Å"sufficient attention to supply chain vulnerability and risk mitigation actions. Moreover, Mitroff and Alpaslan (2003) present research on preparing for terrorism and state that only between 5% and 25% percent of Fortune 500 companies are prepared to handle crises or disruptions.The answer of how to improve security without jeopardizing supply chain effectiveness can be found in the quality movement (Lee and Wolfe ( 2003)) . Disruptions Drivers, Vulnerabilities and Security Initiatives In this section we briefly show the frameworks, security initiatives and analytical models for assessing risk and mitigating disruptions that have been developed in the literature. †¢ Iniciatives Many authors (Tang (2006a), Lee and Wolfe (2003) and Rice and Caniato(2003)) have explained security initiatives to improve the supply chain security developed and launched by US government after the terrorist attacks.Two important initiatives are: Container Security Initiative launched by US Customs in 2002, allow firms to target conducted at foreign ports before loading and examine high risk-overseas before arrive US ports and Customs –Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) certificated programmed was established by Customs in 2002. Certificated firms will have the benefit of reduce cargo exams. These initiatives have raised some concerns. For example, Rice and Caniato (2003) pint out that security requires a continuous commitment and effort of many parties. †¢ FrameworkDatta and Allen (2005) develop a multi-dimensional framework of supply chain resilience based on concepts from diverse fields of research. The framework captures two main aspects of a resilient supply chain: the capacity to maintain the production system when a disruption the agility to respond to changes in the environment and customer requirements. Then the authors model the supply chain as a complex system and used multiple adaptive agent s that were able to coordinate and adapted to different business scenarios. Chopra and Sodhi (2004) show 8 categories of supply chain risk and their drivers.Disruptions, one of the categories, have these drivers: Labor dispute, supplier bankruptcy, war and terrorism, dependency on a single source of supply as well as the capacity and responsiveness of alternative suppliers. The author used scenarios methodology (what if) to understand the impacts in each risk categories and then show suitable effective mitigation strategies. Peck (2005) using in-depth exploratory case studies and depth interviews find that there is a little understanding of the scope and dynamics of the vulnerability.She proposed an integrated framework that has four levels of analysis: value stream/product or process; asset and infrastructure dependencies; organizations and inter-organizational networks; and social and natural environment. She states that, the resilience of the network should be asses focusing on c ritical operational assets at stage two. Sheffi and Rice (2005) determines the profile of a disruption where the show the different stages of a disruption form preparation to long term-impact.They also develop a vulnerability assessment where a firm can map the different disruptions into four quadrants that are form by the interaction of the potential consequences and the disruption probability. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) the author develops a conceptual framework (SAM) for managing supply chain risk which considers the three tasks: Specifying sources of risk management, Assessment and Mitigation. The authors introduce 10 principles to implement SAM. Based on empirical results from U.S Chemical industry, the author point out that reducing the frequency and severity of risks faced and increase the capacity supply chain participant is important dimension in disruption risk management in supply chains. Craighead et al (2007) develop six prepositions that show that the severity of the impact of a disruption is moderated by three supply chain design characteristics density, complexity, and node criticality and two supply chain mitigation capabilities of recovery and warning. †¢ ModelsTomlin (2006) shows different financial tactics and operation mitigation and contingency tactics that a firm can use to manage disruptions. Mitigation tactics refers to an action that firm performs before the disruption occurs and contingency tactics when the disaster occurs. He develops a supply chain model that considers a single product firm which can source from two suppliers, one reliable and another unreliable. He finds that the percentage uptime and the frequency and length of the disruptions are key determinants of the optimal policy.Wu et al (2007) present a model called Disruption Analysis Network (DA_NET) that used a Petri net approach to model a supply chain system and its disruptions. The authors state the use of DA_NET can be used to understand the propagation of di sruptions and how do they affect the operational performance of the supply chain such as: cost or leadtime. Defining Resilience in Supply Chains Resilient is a well known concept in disciplines such as: ecology, psychology and mechanical engineering. Coutu (2002) introduces the concept of organizational resilience, which can be defined as â€Å"the ability to bend and bounce back from hardship†.Some definitions of resilience related with supply chain are: Christopher and Peck (2003) define resilience as â€Å"the ability of a system to return to its original state or move to a new, more desirable state after being disturbed’. Implicit in this definition is the notion of flexibility, and given that the desired state may be different from the original, ‘adaptability’ One of the most powerful ways of achieving resilience is to create networks, which are capable of more rapid response to changed conditions. This is the idea of agility.Christopher (2004). Mitr off and Alpasan (2003) state that resilient organizations are ‘crisis prepared (or proactive)’ encounter fewer disasters and recover better from hardship. Sheffi defines resilience as â€Å"the ability of a company to bounce back from disruptions†. From the definitions we can notice that resilience have two main characteristics: The capacity to overcome a disruption minimizing the impact and respond to changes in the environment to gain control of the opportunities (Datta and Allen (2005)). Building ResilienceMost of the research recreates short cases were the introduce strategies implemented and developed by many firms. For example, postporment strategy (Lee (1996)) has appeared in many papers (Lee and Wolfe (2003), Tang (2006a)) and illustrated the cases of Benetton and HP deskjet printers. The first papers do not explicitly introduce the term resilience but recommend strategies that are used to secure the supply chain, some of these strategies were also are in corporated in latter papers of resilient supply chain.Following we will briefly summarize the papers that have shown strategies to build resilience in supply chains. Yossi Sheffi (2001) determines the challenges that the firms face in this new environment. The author establishes that redundancies is one possible operate alternative to deal with the terrorist attacks. The paper identifies and discusses some important trade-offs: †¢ Redundancy vs. efficiency. †¢ Centralization vs. dispersion. †¢ The lowest bidder vs. the known supplier. †¢ Government cooperation vs. irect shareholder value. †¢ Managing risk vs. delivering value. Juntter et al. (2003) find that for mangers handling tradeoff is very relevant. Therefore, they claim further research in the ones propose by Sheffi (2001) and develop decision making tools in supply chain. Martha, J. and Subbakrishna, S. (2002) discuss the following strategies to mitigate risk: cultivate sourcing alternative, insure t he risk if you can ,line up alternative transportation, manage inventory right level ,build in quick respond to shifts in demand.Lee and Wolfe (2003) discuss fix mitigating strategies for the effects of a security breach when it occurs. These strategies are: †¢ Comprehensive Tracking and Monitoring †¢ Total Supply Network Visibility. †¢ Flexible Sourcing Strategies: Create a local supply source, develop multiple source component sources for the same component or input material and use supplier with more the one manufacture site to supply materials. †¢ Balance inventory management. †¢ Product and Process Redesign: Standardization and Postponement †¢ Demand Based ManagementChristopher and Peck (2004) describe 4 four principles to create resilience supply chain and in each they determine some key elements: †¢ Supply chain (re) engineering: Supply chain understanding, supply chain design principles and supply base strategy †¢ Supply chain Collabor ation: Collaboration planning and supply chain intelligence †¢ Agility: visibility and velocity and acceleration. †¢ Create a supply chain management culture: continue teams, board- level responsibility andf leadership and factor risk consideration into decision makingRice, J. B. and Caniato (2003) states that resilience can be build be flexibility and redundancy. Redundancy is achieved by maintaining capacity such as: inventory, additional production lines, qualifying and maintaining multiple suppliers, maintaining a dedicated transportation fleet in order to respond to a disruption. The authors state that flexibility is achieved by creating capabilities in the firm’s organization to respond by using existing capacity that can be redirected or reallocated .They also show advantages and disadvantages of different strategies to build resilience for each of the possible disruptions (supply, transportation, production facilities, communication and human resources) that a firm can face in the supply chain. Sheffi (2005) points out that resilience can be achieved by increasing redundancy, building flexibility and changing corporate strategy. He shows actions in each of these strategies. †¢ Redundancy: †¢ Flexibility: Postponement, Standardized process, Concurrency process. Culture Change: Continuous communication, empowerment, passion for work, conditioning for disruptions Peck (2005) states that for a firm to remain truly resilient need slack in the system in the form of inventory, capacity, and capability and even time, plus constant awareness and vigilance. This confirms the importance of redundancy. Lee (2004) study more than 60 successful supply chains around the world and found out that they shared main three characteristics: agility, adaptability and aligned. He introduced a new concept â€Å"The Triple-A Supply Chain†.We can observe that authors have explicitly discussed the first two characteristics as principles to build a resilient supply chains. Some elements of alignment have been explicitly mention resilient supply chain literature. Robust strategies for mitigating disruptions Tang (2006b) introduces the concept of robust strategies have two main proprieties: efficiency and resilience. This means that robust strategists are a subset of the resilient strategies and do not consider redundancies. Tang (2006a) discuss eight robust strategies that have been used by ifferent firms : Postponement, strategic stock, flexible supply base, make and buy, economic supply incentives, flexible transportation, revenue management, dynamic assortment planning and silent product rollover. Table 1 summary of Strategies for building resilient supply Chains |Papers |Methodology |Resilience Strategies | |Christopher and Peck (2003) |Case studies and interviews |Four principles | |Rice, J.B. and Caniato (2003) |Case studies and interviews |Flexibility and redundancy | | | |Strategies depending in the disruption | |Shef fi (2001, 2005) |Case studies and interviews |Redundancy flexibility and culture change. | | | |It is important to consider Trade offs | |Martha, J. nd Subbakrishna, S. |Case studies |Idea of Just in Case, strategies that creates redundancy. | |(2002 | | | |Lee and Wolfe (2003) |Case studies |Introduce how to implement security in supply chain following the path| | | |of the quality movement. | | |fix mitigating strategies for the effects of a security breach | |Tang (2006 a) and (2006b) |Survey papers |Robust strategies =resilient and cost effective. | | | |Eight robust strategies | Conclusions Two big project that provided important knowledge in resilient supply chain are: the first was developed during three years by Sheffi, Rice, Cianiato nd other researchers at MIT center of transportation of MIT and the second sponsored by UK government and developed by Christopher, Peck and other researchers at Cranfiled University. The primarily methodology for studying resilient supply chai n is based on cases and interviews and many studies have discussed the same strategies. As Blackhurst et al (2005) states the literature related to supply-chain disruptions is informative. Consequently, they are some research opportunities in this topic that has an increasingly interest for academia and practitioners.For example INFORMS 2006 annual meeting one of the sessions was dedicated to this topic â€Å"the resilient enterprise- Challenges in supply change security and resilience† Future research There are many opportunities for future research. Some interest topics can be: †¢ How to evaluate the disruptions (low-probability/high-impact) †¢ How can we create resilience we the introduction of new technologies for example, (RFID) †¢ Empirically determine why some companies adopt resilient practice and other do not (Importance supply chain in the firm) †¢ Develop measures or metrics for resilient (do resilient enterprise performs better).It would be dif ficult to actually have a metric for resilience or vulnerability in the supply chain that can capture all the potential risks that a firm faces under such disruptions. †¢ Alliances among suppliers and supply chains. †¢ Humanitarian logistics , what can resilient enterprise learn. †¢ Which elements in common have the companies that are consider resilient. (which strategy is more applied) †¢ How to create resilience in services operations.