Describe The Strategic Alternatives Given Business Essay

Describe The Strategic Alternatives Given Business EssayWe be gelidity in our paints, as we grope against unused competition from firms from USA and Korea. A very senior LT executive to the author at a Management organic evolution Programme at IIM (Ahmedabad) in 1993 The competition we drop faced till now is nonhing is compared to what lies in store for us. Till now, the period (post-liberalisotion) was nonpareil of training and assessment for the big global competitors Sudhakar Divokar Kulkarni, CEO. to the case author in April 1997.In 1997 Larsen and Tubro (LT), one of the bountifulst engineer companies in India (and one of the top five hole-and-corner(a) heavens companies) posted yet again a growth rate of over 20 per cent. This happened for the fourth consecutive yr despite acute liquidity crisis in the foodstuff, political instability, and uncertainty closely execution of power projects of foreign companies (e.g. Enron), and so no. Since last few years, LT was beco ming a lesson for companies worldwide in managing volatile growth and developing internal capabilities on a continuous primer coat. Simultaneously, it was locateting new challenges for the academics in defining core competencies and core capabilities. An independent survey named LT to be one of the best managed companies in Asia and an some other by Business Toda, showed that the company was one of the just ab egress transparent and a leader on the issue of bodily governance. During 1995-96 and 1996-97, the company achieved an incredible growth in sales of nearly Rs. 1,000 crore per annum over the previous years, crossing the landmark turnover of Rs. 5,000 crore in the process.The EvolutionL T was muckle up in 1938 as a partnership trading firm by deuce Danish engineers, Henning Holck Larsen and Soren kristian Toubro, who had quit their jobs. In 1946, it became a private limited company and by 1950 reached the status of a public limited company. send back 1 gives the ev olutionary picture in brief. LT presently has a stockholder base of nearly 1 million and employee strength of over 24,000 As a company, this multi-dimensional engineering giant is actually the nucleus of a assort of companies pertain in building complexes, worksheets, offices and service outlets at different locations all over India and abroad. all over the years, LT has acquired a commendable reputation for capabilities for executing engineering related projects.Table 1 LT Business History The Milestones1938 Incorporation as a partnership firm1946 Incorporation as a Private Ltd Co.I950 LT goes public Powai Works set up1961 Audco India incorporated for manufacturing valves1962 Retirement of Soren Toubro EWAC Ltd. set up for manufacture of welding alloys1963 TENGL founded to manufacture crawler lowcarriage parts for caterpillars1969 Agency product line abolished, formation of LT Bottle terminate di visual sense1971 LT McNeil set up for manufacturing Presses for tyre co nstancy1974 Management Organization Structure and Management intendning and Control System introducedLT Bangalore Works commences production of hydraulic excavators1978 Larsen retires. LT Faridabad commences production of switchgear1982 ECC merged with L&T LT enters shipping business with cardinal ships1983 LT enters cement manufacturing with Awarpur limit commencing production1987 LT enters computer hardware with floppy discs and printers LT Gould for electronic test and measured instruments1988 Cement capacity enhanced to 2.2 m tons per annum1989 90 LT under DH Ambani (as chairman)1990 93 Repeated takeover attempts by RIL1993 95 serial of strategic alliances and tie-ups resulting in formation of LT-Niro. LT-Chiyoda, LT Sargent Lund9, LT Finance, and so on.The Takeover AttemptDuring 1991 93, as the country draw neared towards liberalisation, the company just emerged from a not-so-welcome takeover threat from the powerful Ambanis of Reliance. The Ambanis were thems elves embarking upon immense expansion in chemicals and petrochemicals business, and LT would have provided a real and logical synergy in terms of executing turn line projects for construction, engineering, supplying machinery and of course, offering suppliers credit (to the mental strain of Rs. 1.000 crore). Through protracted investigation and litigation (in which the Reliance Industries Ltd. was found to have collected forged proxies), the company somehow remained in the hands of professionals. The big inquire mark as posed by an article in the Economic and Political weekly was Where does LT go from where it has reached now?However, it was obvious that a total new mindset and working culture would be required if LT was to grow and remain competitive. In 1993 94, the company started adopting the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) by becoming node focused, reducing the costs and wastage, and adding value at all stages for maximising customer satisfaction.In 1994, Mr. S.D. Kulkarni took over as the CEO of LT and confidently promised that the company would reach its foreign kick of being a Rs. 10,000 crore ($3 bn.) company by the end of the century. He also declared that the company would strive to maintain and develop leadership positions in all its businesses or else it will quit. Simultaneously, zero retrenchment was promised. The philosophy of TQM was embraced with added emphasis on customer delight, that is, delivering more value than pass judgment by the customer.Vision, Core Values, and TQM floor being a key bottleneck for Indian industry was identified as the engine of Growth for the companys ambitious externalises. But before that, the company unavoidable an ambition statement, which every employee could own and share. A massive companywide exercise for finding out what the company stood for and what its core values were was embarked upon. The emergent statement though not sounding much different from several other organisations v ision, however, came to be owned and understood by almost every employee because of the process of identifying the mission and pecks matter. The key elements of LTs vision f focussed towards a world class company dedicated toexcellence and professionalismcustomer delight through serviceentrepreneurial leadership and entry of an organisation that is on the path of continuously learning by fostering teamwork, trust, and careCommunity service and environmental protection.Core CompetenciesAccording to a senior executive, today the core competence of LT lies in its ability to synthesise, integrate and harmonise its diverse world-class engineering, manufacturing, procurement, construction and deceitfulness skills around turnkey projects (in core stinting sectors) and people. This is made possible through a world class vendor base and quality scientific alliances, excellent IT infrastructure (CAD,/CAM systems, PMIS etc.) sophisticated fabrication facilities for plant and machinery in the core sector.Business LeadershipLT holds a leadership position in India in most of the areas in which it operates. The depression company to introduce hydraulic excavators in the country, it still maintains its leadership status in this and in the vibratory compactor segments. LTs switchgear products enjoy a dominant position in Indian as come up as the international commercialises. It continues to be a leader in the manufacture of Z-Line petrol pumps and its cement is considered to be of mellowed quality. LT has pioneered the manufacture and supply of critical nuclear reactors and space vehicles hardware in the country. It has to its credit many firsts in the Indian industry from the indigenously manufactured hydrocracker reactor, naptha run power plants, the worlds largest curing press, to the first vertical dairy in the country and so on.With the Project and Construction business in the country growing at a fast pace and expected to continue to do so with the country s emphasis on infrastructure, both LT ECC (Construction Group) and LT s Projects (EPC) businesses are being treated as embrace areas. The ECC construction group has been responsible for construction landmarks both in India and abroad, for instance, the Bahai house of worship in Delhi, an international airport terminal in Abu Dhabi, bridges in Malaysia, hotels in Uzbekistan, and so on. Its major projects have been building of cement plants for Grasim Industries, Gujarat Ambuja Cements, and ACC Ltd., construction of bridges and railway tunnels for the Konkan Railway project. In projects business, LT EPC group success amply executed orders from ONCC (for piping and oil platforms), Tata Chemicals for captive co generation power plant) and Gandhinagar Dairy. In shipping and international business too, the company has made significant progress to become one of the leading players in their line of business.LT has a long and enviable record of high-tech fabrication. The workshops in Powai wi th CNC precision machines house large-size precision fabrication facilities. Its major heavy engineering complex at Hazira also caters to such needs. LTs units and its links with globally reputed organisations have haved much in developing manufacturing excellence.Decision-making at LTOver the years, the company has implemented its vision through various approaches. Foremost is the emphasis on mandate, teamwork, and continuous training of employees. In terms of structure, the company has decentralised decision-making, and gibe to Mr. Kulkarni, CEO, the concept of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) is being actively encouraged. The company is decentralised for all practical purposes. Budgets and allocations are made at the beginning of the year and SBUs shorten the responsibility for achieving the targets. Only in major decisions involving capacity augmentation, business divestment, diversification, and so on does the CEO personally involve himself. According to Mr. Kulkarni, only through empowerment and decentralised decision making can a highly diversified company like LT be managed. For example, though the decision to divest the Dot hyaloplasm Printers (DMPs) business was first proposed by the concerned department, yet the decision was taken ai the MD/Board level as it agreed that product and technological obsolescence and synergy of DMPs with other businesses was indeed low.The Culture of TQMThe TQM journey, initiated in 1993, has now taken firm roots in LT. The efforts put in training a large number of employees has resulted in the launch of many quality improvement initiatives. A large number of employees have participated in continuous improvement (Kaizen) and small group activities. Several cross-functional teams regularly function in the areas of manufacturing, design, marketing and services. LT has created an environment for increased empowerment to further improve customer services. The TQM Awareness Programmes have also been all-embracing to the stockists and vendors to achieve improvement in the operations and customer service. LT strongly believe in the concept of internal customers. With TQM knowledge spreading widely inside the company, employees have realised that everybody in every department is a supplier to somebody in the organisation if not directly to an outside customer. One employee says, even though it is difficult to oblige everybody, I believe that we should go a step forward to understand the real requirements of the customer, which he himself may not be fully aware of, and delight the customer through total quality and service. Such an attitude should be our guiding force. A value strongly sought to be inculcated in the employees is that people can confront competition better by moving from a product-oriented philosophy to a customer-oriented philosophy. For this, employees are being trained in multi skills, including quality transactions and market engineering, besides product engineering.With people bei ng regarded as the prime movers, a strong HRD culture pervades the organisations personnel policies, and HRD systems are intentional to sustain motivation, encourage learning, and achieve higher levels of quality and productivity through job involvement. The embracing of TQM philosophy.and implementation of ISO 9000 systems by almost all divisions has led people to work towards common goals with a customer oriented approach.Social Commitments somatic Citizenship The Mumbai Chamber presented the Good Corporate Citizen Award for the year 1994 -95 to Larsen and Toubro hold for its contribution to Larsen and Toubro Limited for its contribution to the corporate world, but more importantly for its conspicuous achievements in improving the quality of life in the community.Award for most Outstanding cover StructureThe ECC Division of LT received the ICI-Mc-Bauchemie Award presented by The Indian Concrete Institute for the most outstanding concrete structure for the year 1995 96 for Sree Kanteerava Indoor Sports Complex is Bangalore. The structure is considered to be an engineering marvel. The citation for the award reads Sree Lanteerava Indoor Sports Complex is designed in the shape of an ellipse using cxx V shaped precast folded plate elements. Each element is 43 m long and weighs 55. t. The thickness of the plate is just 40 mm, but change by ribs throughout its length. Since the folded plate springs from the ring beam along the outer periphery and connected by the compression ring at the crown, the entire hood is self supporting, providing an unobstructed column-fee space of 119 m x 91 m with a playing arena of 65 m x 45 min the centre.Environment Upgradation LT has been showing its commitment towards corporate citizenship. As one goes around the works and offices of LT. one experiences a soothing and refreshing ambience because of the rich foliation and delightful floral blooms around these structures. LT has undertaken extensive tree plantation programme. O ver three hundred thousand trees were planted in and around the factory in 1993-94 under the programme Trees for Life. The villagers have been given grafted saplings of fruit-bearing trees and encouraged to plant them. The success of this ongoing effort led to LT being selected by the Government of Maharashtra for the prestigious Vanashree Award in 1990.Contribution to Academics LT set up LT Institute of Technology, a polytechnic in Mumbai. In a short period, it has come to be widely regarded as one of the best training institutions of its kind in the country, particularly for the full-fledged workshops and laboratories that provide a strong practical orientation to theoretical inputs. There is a good enough demand in engineering companies for the students passing out from this Institute. LT also contribute financially towards Upgradation of facilities in several polytechnics. It regularly interfaces with academic institutions to promote quality education and has established resea rch chairs for faculty in several institutions including ai IIM, Ahmedabad. Within the company, one of the most invaluable and lasting investments made by LT is the establishment of a Management Development Programme Centre at Lonavala (near Mumbai). According to Mr. CM Srivastava, Joint usual director (JGM) (HRD), the management development centre has been visualized as a temple of learning where people would come with the sole purpose of enhancing knowledge, learning through experience, self-study, and introspection. The emphasis, on that pointfore, is on providing an ambience for learning rather than training. The centre has groundbreaking learning facilities like computer-added packages, a library, and outdoor training facilities.Manufacturing FacilitiesSome important manufacturing facilities of LT are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Important Manufacturing Facilities of LTLocation proceeds/PlantsPowai, Madh (Maharashtra)Plant and heavy equipment switchgears, Petrol pumps, Bothell closures, control and automation, welding alloys, undercarriage componentsThane (Maharashtra)Electronics and Inputs for undercarriage componentsAwarpur (Maharashtra)CementNashik (Maharashtra)Light-weight glass containersFaridabad (Haryana)switchgearsAnkleshwar (Orissa)Welding AlloysKansbajal (Orissa)Plant and equipment for steel paper and pulp, material handling and mineral bear on industryMysore (karnataka)Medical electronic equipment computer peripherals, telecommunications, test and measuring instrumentsBangalore (Karnataka)Earth-moving and construction equipment, hydraulic equipment and diesel engines, Gen. SetsHazira (MP)Heavy equipmentsHirmi (MP)Cement manufacturing unitChennai (TN)Valves, rubber and plastic impact machineryKandla (Gujarat)Export oriented fabricationPondicherryTransmission towersKalol (Gujarat)Export footwearJharsuguda (Orissa)Cement grinding unitThe FutureThe financial results of LT far the year 1996 97 are not too encouraging as far as profits are concer ned. The company has reported profits of Rs. 410 crore against the previous years profit of Rs. 390 crore, thereby achieving a slim growth of five percent. However, the turnover has recorded a sharp jump from Rs. 4249 dare to Rs. 5304 crore. From another perspective, the performance has been commendable considering the slump and terrific competition in the cement industry and performance of other competitors during the period. LT is firmly consolidating itself in four major business areas engineering, construction cement, and equipment manufacture, Presently, cement sum ups for 15 per cent of the total revenue. lt has embarked on a major expansion programme that will double the capacity to 12 m tons per annum, which will make it the largest cement manufacturer in India. A Euro-issue of $135 million has been planned to fund this expansion. Having defined EPC as a thrust business for the future, it will be relevant to take a look into the competitive structure of the EPC business. I n the domestic business, LT has a handful of competitors among whom BHEL. Punj and Lloyd, and RITES are the major ones. The peculiar nature of EPC business is that it is not a sector specific industry. The core infrastructure activities such as power, telecom, and roads will become key focus areas for the country. Most players in this industry have specific competencies which cater to specialised areas, LT is perhaps the only company which competes in almost every sector by virtue of its diversified technical competence and expertise. LTs EPC business takes the form of competitive bidding for executing projects from start to finish for third parties, part execution of projects as sub contractors to other bidders, and self-directed bidding for setting up its own projects in the core sectors.In the global EPC business, however the company faces stiff competition from the global construction and engineering giants like Hyundai, Saipern, Mcdermoft, Caterpiller, to name a few. In such a highly competitive environment with technology being a handicap (that most Indian companies suffer from), the logical step is to enter into strategic and technological alliances. Most Indian EPC players follow this route and LT is no exception. Some of its alliances are with its competitors, for instance, Caterpillar, Marubeni. Like most Indian EPC players going global, LT s overseas EPC operations are concentrated in the developing and developed countries of South-and Middle-East Asia such as Thailand and Malaysia, Vietnam, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Gulf countries like Qatar, Saudi-Arabian Arabia. Bahrain, Oman, and so on.Though LT has attained impressive achievements, the productivity of several businesses are alarmingly low on the international benchmark level. In an environment of high interest rates and tight liquidity position, the efficient management of working capital will form the key to future LT successes. Some of the areas of concern for LT in the short-term w ould be the need to attain faster delivery standards, customer satisfaction, continuous cost reduction, productivity improvement and operating with low working capital, and aiming at least to be a regional player of repute and recognition.Questions(a) Carry out a SWOT Analysis of LT.(b) Explain the Decision-making process at LT and how does it contribute to performance of the company.(c) What are the various strategies that you recommend for LTs EPC division in domestic and foreign markets?Paper-2Section-A1. Strategy includes the determination and evaluation of alternative paths to an already established mission or objective and eventually, choice of the alternatives to be adopted. Explain the statement underlining the process of strategy formulation.2. Technological factors represent major opportunities and threats, which must be taken into account while formulating strategies. Discuss. How can a firm build a sustainable technology based competitive advantage?3. The low-cost leader ship strategy at times enables the firm to defend itself against each of five competitive forces. Explain.4. Briefly explain the factors which contribute towards the success of a strategic alliance. Illustrate with a recent example of strategic alliance.5. Explain any three methods/techniques used in strategic control systems, giving examples.SECTION B6. Read the case conservatively and answer the questions at the end.Rupbani Beverage LimitedRupbani Beverage Limited entered the Indian wine industry in 1975 by acquiring the Mastana Wine Company of Shimla and two other smaller wine companies at Kalka for Rs. 50 lakh. Despite hostility expressed by other wine makers and predictions that Rupbani would very soon fail as other outsiders such as Parminder Wine Company had, the entry succeeded. Rupbani Limited performed the unheard of feat of establishing a volume of 30 lakh cases within two years and taking the market share away from premium brands such as the National Wine Company of Bo mbay, Pearl Drink Limited of Pune and puddle Cola Limited of Madras.Rupbani advertised heavily and incurred Rs. 10 lakh in one year and standardised the taste of its wines with considerable success. It also invested Rs. 48 lakh in a large, new winery at Ahmedabad. A Rupbani Executive said, By 1995, consumption of wine in India will be a fifty per capita, compared with half a liter today.The industry reacted to Rupbanis presence by doubling and tripling advertising expenditure. ABC and Company began a costly campaign to market premium and varied wines while reducing marketing emphasis on its cheap wines such as Nahan Drinks and the Gola Beverage. ABC maintained its 25 percent market share but had to resort to some heavy price discounting to do so.In 1982 Pearl Drinks formed a special wine unit to admit efforts for all its brands. Mr. Sailesh Kumar former Vice President of the National Wine Company had directed a project to coordinate Pearls world-wide wine business and develop a w orld wide strategy. The new unit was, in fact, a result of his work.In1983, wine consumption changed from growth at a rate of 5 per cent to no growth. The government also lifted the ban on imports of wine. This presented an even greater challenge because imported wines were cheaper as well as superior in quality.In1984 Mr. Ranganathan took over as Managing Director of Rupbani. He reviewed the recent performance of the company and its competitive position. He noted that the company was losing its hold over the market and it was not getting the return as expected. He also found that the companys performance in the syrup business was excellent. He, therefore, thought of selling out the wine business to Pearl Drinks, He convened an executive meeting and apprised the executives of his proposal. He also informed them that Pearl Drinks had offered the company to recapture its investment in the wine business which was about Rs. one crore. Mr. Arun Mehta, General Manager, observed that Rupba ni was in and out in the past six years and has joined different organisations in trying the wine business. The finance Manager, M. Subhash Ghai said, The return on assets in the wine business is not the 30 to 35 per cent, which Rupbani is used to getting in the syrup business. Gaining share and trying to compete with ABC and Company left Rupbani with, eventually, the number two position in the wine industry with profits of Rs. 60 lakh on Rs. 220 lakh in sales. The stockholders wanted immediate return and hence, the company could not afford to make long-term investments necessary to popularise the brands. Had they stayed for five more years, they would have been a key leader in a large and profitable industry.Pearl Drinks immediately went from the sixth position in the industry to a strong second prat with an 11 per cent market share. The Chairman of Pearl Drinks stated We believe you can make money in this business in two slipway remain a small boutique winery or become large an d achieve economies of scale.Mr. Harish, Marketing Manager of Rupbani said, It is no use selling out our business to Pearl Drink and get back what we have invested. We can compete with our competitors successfully and improve our market share if we manufacture wines of varying qualities to causa the varied preferences and pockets of diverse sections of society. We should also offer price discounts to attract the consumers. There should be wide publicity of our brands throughout the country.Questions(a) Perform SWOT analysis of Rupbani.(b) In the light of opportunities and threats of Rupbani Beverage and its strengths and weaknesses, what strategy should it formulate to improve its performance and strengthen its competitive position?(c) Should Rupbani spend on advertising in line with its competitors? Discuss.(d) What other strategies would you suggest for Rupbani for increasing their share of the market?Paper-3Section-A1. Explain the various steps involved in Strategic Management pr ocess in a virtuoso business firm.2. Explain the following(a) Types of resources(b) Strategic importance of resources3. Discuss the importance of differentiation strategy in the present competitive environment. Explain taking into favor its advantages and disadvantages.4. Every strategic alliance incurs certain costs and comes with a set of risks. Explain any five costs/risks of entering into a strategic alliance.5. Corporate culture plays an important role in the success of an organization. Explain giving suitable example.SECTION BNEECO LIMITEDAt the end of the recent five-year plan, it was estimated that there would be a considerable demand in the manufacturing capacity of power transformers in the country. It was further projected that the gap between demand and the manufacturing capacity would be even larger in the subsequent plans. Thus, anticipating the countrys demand in future, Neeco Limited decided to set up a new unit for manufacturing transformers. This was in rundown to the manufacturing capacity already built up at one of the existing factories.Formal Planning ProcessFormal planning was introduced in the very first year of the commencement of activities at the new unit. The planning process at Neeco Limited included the setting up of broad objectives and the preparation of the three-year forecast. In a letter addressed to departmental heads, the General Manager, Mr. S.K. Patel said, The time has come to put down on paper the objectives and goals of our organisation and to develop a proper cloth whereby we can take a more systematic look at the future we are heading for. This, I believe, can be achieved by involvement and cooperation of all the departmental heads in putting into practice a culture of planning. The responsibility for developing a three-year plan was entrusted to the planning cell, which reported directly to the General Manager. There was a separate controllers office, which looked after budget preparation and the subsequent moni toring of actual performance.Goal SettingProcess Planning began each year in the month of April with the establishment of goals by the top management. The top management group consisted of the General Manager and his various functional heads. The goals were set both in qualitative as well as quantitative terms. The quantitative goals were in terms of growth in sales and profits. Commenting on the quantitative goals, Mr. Patel observed that pull ahead is the primary goal.The planning cell, after collecting dl the information, consolidated and integrated the data and prepared operating results and cash flow projections for the three-year period.Exhibit-INEECO LIMITEDDate steps in planning1st workweek of AprilPlanning call sends relevant formats to departmental heads, with detailed explanations.4th Week of AprilBy the fourth week, the various departmental send the formats back to the planning cell, duly filled.1st Week of MayPlanning officer compiles all the data and puts it in an in tegrated form.2nd Week of MayThe first draft of the plan is discussed in a management group meeting, wherein several suggestions emerge and the draft is thoroughly revised by firmness of purpose the distant objectives of various departments.1st Week of JuneThe final draft of the plan is ready and is sent to corporate headquarters.(b) Responsibility for Plan PreparationSegment of the PlanResponsibilitySale Plan (Order Book Position)Manager MarketingProduction PlanManager (Production)Materials PlanMaterials ManagerManpower PlanPersonnel ManagerTownship Development PlanManager (Projects)Plan and Final Plan DocumentPlanning OfficerBefore finalising the plans as prepared by the various functional/department heads, a detailed discussion was held. During these discussion was held. During these discussions various departmental heads explained the basis of their respective plans. The final plan was arrived after resolving the conflicting objectives of various departments.The Planning-Budge ting LinkageImmediately after the plan was approved b9 the Management Group, the process of preparing a detailed budget for the next year was initiated. The three-year plan set out the broad objectives for the first year and projections for the next two years. A detailed exercise had already been conducted in preparing the broad objectives, which served as a basis for the preparation of a detailed budget for the ensuing year. Thus the first year of the plan document, with necessary modifications, became the budget for the next year. The three year plan document and the budget were, therefore, closely inter-related. It was said that the preparation of a three year plan was, in a way, a process of creating an organisational climate for a rigorous and time consuming process of budgeting.Reactions of Executives

Causes and effects of childhood obesity

Causes and set up of childhood obesitypuerility obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and the condition is now limpid much precedent in life. Thirty years ago, less than five percent of children were considered obese. Todays figures put the number of obese Ameri stool children somewhere between 12 percent and 15 percent That translates into millions of children, preteens, and teens suffering from very adult conditions like diabetes and depression tie in to weight slang (Tessmer, Beecher, Hagen, 2006). Overweight and obesity in childhood atomic number 18 recognise to have signifi arset impact on somatic and psychological health. There are some(prenominal) names that tierce children to become obese. Childhood obesity is now considered a disease and is diagnosed by doctors. Not all children that watch television receiver several(prenominal) hours a day or are inactive or just eject mal-nutritious foods collapse obesity, many children get obese because of genes inherit ed from their parents. Some children become obese because of their lifestyle. For example, late-day or night eating, snacking and other behavioral behaviors have influence on the progress of obesity. Moreover, social and economic conditions are shown to have a significant relationship to nutrition and dietary dream. In addition, in that respect are certain effects resulted from childhood obesity such as physical, moral, emotional, and social effects. fleshiness in childhood is responsible of early development in girls and delayed development in boys. Its too found to be associated with numerous medical problems related to physiological, metabolic, and structural changes. What is more is that obese children are more likely to develop psychological problems. carnal, social, and mental well-being is considered health related quality of life. Low self-esteem and social discrimination can be noted in obese children due to physical limitations, feelings of isolation or loneliness, a nd gibelike from class mates.Causes and Effects of Childhood fleshinessChildhood obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and the condition is now obvious much earlier in life. Thirty years ago, less than five percent of children were considered obese. Todays figures put the number of obese American children somewhere between 12 percent and 15 percent That translates into millions of children, preteens, and teens suffering from very adult conditions like diabetes and depression related to weight gain (Tessmer, Beecher, Hagen, 2006). Obesity is defined as a disproportionate buildup of stored full-bodied tissue when compared to other tissues. Childhood obesity is now considered a disease and is diagnosed by doctors. Children become clayey for a variety of reasons. The closely common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical action at law, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. Moreover, socio-economic factors have influence on children, which may cause a child to become obese. In addition, there are certain effects resulted from childhood obesity such as physical, mental, emotional, and social effects.Diagnosis of Childhood ObesityOnly a doctor can diagnose children for obesity by evaluating adiposity, or how much fat a person has. Adiposity can be assessed using different ways, for example, by using an underwater scale, or by an MRI, but these methods are considered excessive and expensive. Another way of evaluating children for obesity is by measuring the distribution of body fat. Also, a chart called the body mass index (BMI) is used to optimally measure the amount of fat person carries almost frequently to differentiate between just an overweight child and the one who is really obese. In addition to BMI and charting weight on the growth charts, the doctor also evaluates the familys history of obesity and weight-related health problems, such as diabetes, the childs eating habits and calorie intake, the childs activity level, and any other health conditions the child may have.Causes of Childhood ObesityAfter the child gets diagnosed as obese, the doctor will fasten on investigating the causes that lead this child to become overweight. To begin with, there are several causes that lead children to become obese. First of all, many children get obese because of heredity. Because of some genes inherited from parents, those children have higher risk of becoming overweight. For example, not all children that watch television several hours a day or are inactive or just eat mal-nutritious foods develop obesity. Therefore, heredity has been found to have effect on fatness, distribution of fat on body, and response to overfeeding. It has also been suggested that heredity does not only concern the genes but also resulting dietary habits, food intake, and lifestyle, including physical activity level and spontaneous interest in exercise (Parzkov Hills, 2004). Moreover, mothers whom are overweight are found to born neonates that are less active and gain more weight compared to neonates born of normal weight mothers, which suggest a preserving energy inborn drive. The information taken from genes can suggest that genetic factors can take role to determine the susceptibility of adding or losing fat in response to physical activity and diet. The life style of some children also plays a role in being obese. Some behaviors, present in certain children (late-day or night eating, snacking, etc.) ease the progress or persistence of obesity. Children spend several hours each day watching television, and eating lot of snacks that is high in calorie. Food is nothing more than clear to cook energy. The potential energy is thrifty by the calories that are contained in specific amount and type of food. A body needs a minimum amount of calories in order to accomplish its basic functions, and the recommended caloric intake for this purpose varies according to age, body frame, and activity level (Tessmer, B eecher, Hagen, 2006). Obese children do not show excessive appetite for sugary foods. Children and adults simply enjoy foods high in fat. Ice cream, cakes, and biscuits are all examples of high fat foods which are very popular among obese and non-obese people alike. Physical activity is important for achieving proper energy balance, which is needed to prevent or reverse obesity (Flamenbaum, 2006). Moreover, distribution of body fat is affected autonomously by physical activity which affects body weight. Last but not least, social and economic conditions have a significant relationship to nutrition and dietary intake. For example, as income increases, the type of the diet is going more likely to change in a persistent manner. In particular, the sugar, protein and animal fat intake increases, while the intake of vegetable fat, complex carbohydrates and protein decreases. Also, if the family has a higher income, there might be an increase in take away readymade foods intake which i s high in fat content or an increase in intake of meat. The lower social support in low social class is associated with a high food intake and higher weight of children. Another study showed that children from low-income families who were exposed to less cognitive stimulation and who had an obese mother showed an increased risk of obesity independent of other demographic factors (Parzkov Hills, 2004). However, the general effect of these changes in consumption behavior with the high intake of total fat is the increase in the natural event of obesity.Effects of Childhood ObesityAs a result of the in a higher place, there are certain effects that might result in children from being obese. To start with, the physical effects in childhood obesity include, for example, the increase adult morbidity in men for urarthritis, and in women for arthritis. Obese children are usually above average height for age (Dietz, 1993). Obesity in childhood is responsible of early development in girls a nd delayed development in boys. For women, menstrual problems in middle age are found to be associated with childhood. Men whom are overweight during adolescence have three times more possibility to develop gout when compared with men whom where normal weight. Furthermore, Obesity in childhood is associated with numerous medical problems related to physiological, metabolic, and structural changes. Its suggested that adult obesity developed from childhood may be more problematic than adult-onset obesity due to an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome (Vanhala, 1998). Obese children have a higher risk for developing hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Research shows that obesity in children, particularly during adolescence, persists into adulthood and is associated with an increased risk of many diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory disorders, gall bladder disease, infertility and several non-fatal but debilitating conditions (Flamenbaum, 2006). Obese children have approximately a threefold increased risk for hypertension compared to their normal-weight peers. The prevalence of obesity in children affected by diabetes was on average twofold from the age of 2 years onward compared to control children (Parzkov Hills, 2004). What is more is that obese children are more likely to develop psychological problems. Severely obese children recorded their quality of life with scores as low as children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer (Walker, 2005). Physical, social, and mental well-being is considered health related quality of life. Low self-esteem and social discrimination can be noted in obese children due to physical limitations, feelings of isolation or loneliness, and teasing from class mates, in example, which is frequent in young people who are obese. The age of onset of obesity, presence of emotional instability, and negative evaluation of obesity by others may predispose an ob ese person to a disturbed body image. These include during the formative years. Disturbances in adulthood are often commonplace in those who became obese during childhood or adolescence Depressed obese children are more likely to stay depressed all over adulthood.Prevention of Childhood ObesityThe technique used to prevent childhood obesity is by keeping the weight from coming abide. Such technique requires great effort as overweight is not just a hit-and-run problem, where the child can simply drop the weight and be free from obesity the rest of his life. Its always easy to get overweight than to lose weight. A child who lived a sedentary lifestyle with bad eating habits is at higher risk of getting back to such habits because such habits are just easy to follow. Its so a lot easier for children to sit at home and watch TV rather than going outside with others or alone to play. This is why parents, physicians, and nutritionists should sit together and set a plan for the child. The plan should include the restriction of fast food and crackers drinks, limitation of time allocated for watching television or computer, and promotion of physical activity. However, this plan must be monitored and supervised by parents and a physician to suss out the elimination of any side effects that might occur from the prevention plan.ConclusionTo summarize, childhood obesity is now considered a global epidemic. There are multiple causes that lead certain children to become obese. Genetic factors and environmental conditions play a great role in the early development of childhood obesity, but the condition varies in different countries. In addition, it appears that there are dangerous effects that result from being obese which can continue till adulthood. Therefore, parents should be aware of their children life style and the food they consume to avoid such health problems in their later adulthood. Moreover, the picture of the obese child as unhealthy, uncongenial and fat is best to prevent as early as possible. As for prevention of childhood obesity, it is also recommended that parents, physicians and nutritionists set together to set the proper plan. Nevertheless, there must be raising in alertness, consideration, and public understanding for the matter of childhood obesity

Is International Adoption Justified In The Usa Social Work Essay

Is Inter guinea pig Ad pick Justified In The Usa Social Work EssayThe reason I chose this theatre of operations was in the main because International bankers acceptance has played a major role in the news during the last few years. On the one hand, there atomic outlet 18 thousands of orphan children earthwide, mainly in light countries. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand for acceptation in the U.S. and many people loose to worldwide acceptation because the supply of national children for acceptation is lower than demand.In order to draw a conclusion I keep made an extensively research. In particular, I made a thorough analysis for the current situation in the country, the types of credence that exist and in addition most celebrities views and acts, since it is believed that celebrities throw off contributed to the popularity of external acceptances. more thanover, I have described the espousal system in the U.S.A., the main reasons people tend to adopt and why they turn to external adoption. Furthermore, I examined the consequences (positive and negative) of multinational adoption for the child, for the surrogate p bents, for the birth parents and for the edict in general.In the end I conclude that international adoption should be justified under certain bunch. More specific each(prenominal)y, I believe that it is better for a child to be select from a family in its own country. If this is not likely, nearlyone should turn to international adoption, sort of of leaving the child in an inadequate orphanage, where social care is non-existent. Of course, he/she should not throw the negative impacts of international adoption and the implications it may have on the child, the original parents and the country of birth.Adoption is the act of establishing a person as parent to one who is not in event or in statutory philosophy his child1. Adoption is so widely recognized that it can be characterized as an almost worldwi de institution with historical roots traceable to antiquity.2Nowadays, adoption can be either open or unkindly. Open adoption is a process in which the birthparents and the adoptive parents meet and exchange identifying information. The birthparents relinquish legal and basic childrearing repairs to the adoptive parents. Both sets of parents retain the right to continuing contact and access to knowledge on behalf of the child3. On the contrary, closed adoption, the traditionalistic closed system in adoption, seals all identifying information and bans any contact between children and their biological families.4However, during the last decades more and more countries have acknowledged the legal right of the adoptee to search for his/her original roots. on that point are also two types of adoption national and international or intercountry adoption. National adoption is a type of adoption in which an individual or couple adopts a child born in the same country. On the contrary, inte rnational adoption, is a type of adoption in which an individual or couple adopts a child from a different country through permanent legal means, and constitutes that child to the interior(a) country permanently. through with(predicate) international adoption, thelegal transfer of parental rights from birth parent(s) to another parent(s) takes place. unify States citizens started adopting war orphan children from other countries mainly after World War II. Recently, the number of families that adopt children from countries other than their own has increased considerably5. In U.S., in particular, families have adoptive on average approximately 20,000 children from foreign nations each year6. And, not considerable ago, factors such as poverty and social changes resulted in the adoption of children from Latin America, the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China.7Nowadays, international adoption has become a common practice and in some countries accounts for the volume of fac ts. International adoption can be conducted through both public and mysterious agencies in each country. However, each country has passed different laws as regards international adoptions.In order toensure that intercountry adoptions are in the best interests of children, The Hague Conference on Private International Law developed the Convention of May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. This is known as the Hague Adoption Convention and it is an international treaty among over 75 nations around the world, including the United States8. Its aim isto prevent the abduction, sale of, or traffic in children it enablesintercountry adoption under certain circumstances and, recognises intercountry adoption as a means of offering the advantage of a permanent home to a child when a suitable family has not been name in the childs country of origin9.The aim of this study is to show whether international adoption in the United States is justifie d, examining the consequences on three levels for the child, for the family, and for society in general. primary(prenominal) REASONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONInternational adoption is gaining ground in our day and time. Couples and individuals tend to look for children to adopt from developing countries, such as China, Thailand, India and may more. There are a plurality of reasons that urge American people to resort to this course of action and are related to the changes effected to the social structure of society at large, the status of women, the financial situation and the changes effected in the mentality of the population.The social structure of the society and especially demographics in the United States has changed significantly. According to new statistics10, the percentage of households headed by single parents is at about 9%, up from 5% in 1970. Out of 12.9 million one-parent families in 2006, 10.4 million were single-mother families and 2.5 million were single-father fa milies. just about other highlights are as followsAverage household size in 2006 was 2.57 people, down from 3.14 in 1970.Slightly more than one in four households (26%) consisted of a person living alone in 2006, up from 17% in 1970.In 2006, 33% of males and 26% of females 15 and older had never married, compared to a single 28% and 22% in 1970.In addition, contemporary society in the US faces fertility problems. According to recent data11, the level of childlessness among women 40 to 44 years old in June 2006 (20%) is twice as high as 30 years ago (10%). Moreover, 45% of the women in the principal sum childbearing ages of 15 to 44 years were childless.Financial pressures and the changes in the traditional stereotypical perceptions about the role of women in the society, force American people to consider marriage at a later age in their lives (40-44), after having established their careers and secured a steady income. In particular, women at this age or older do not want to risk a pregnancy, which may put the mothers life at risk or bear children with physical and/or mental diseases.This was not the case in previous decades, in which American people were precise conservative with regards to accepting young, unmarried mothers in the society. The norm called for a well-built family around the patriarchal symbol, with the char playing the role of the child-raising parent. Back then, unmarried women who got pregnant had no option other than having an illegal abortion to avoid the consequences of ostracism from the rest of the societal members. For those women who cute to keep the child they were bearing, adoption away from home was the only choice once the child was born.Changes in social norms nowadays have made it possible for unmarried women in the United States and abroad to entertain birth to their children without the fear of facing all sorts of different sanctions, be it moral or psychological. This significant turn on behalf of the American society to higher tolerance levels has made possible the acceptance of unmarried mothers. Even more so, in the case of young girls gravid birth, their parents are willing to adopt the new-born and thus support both psychologically and practically their young daughter.Tolerance to abortion has also been heightened and although illegal in many states, abortion is a safe resort -with the advancements in medicine- for many women who want to terminate their pregnancy at an early stage. This limits the number of children available for adoption nationally in the U.S.Added to the above is the fact that women who have a career feel that the nine months of pregnancy could interfere with their job, therefore, adoption would be a better option for them. They may not even want to take that a prominent deal time out of work to have a baby. This trend is further supported by the fact that in the last decades women have become more financially independent and educated hence, they are more capable of ma king ends meet and digest on their feet to run their own households, without having to do married. Still, they want to have the privilege of raising a child and reap the benefits of parenthood. Because a married couple has much higher chances of being allowed to adopt a child, unmarried women resort to international adoption, to overcome their handicap against married couples.In other cases, people who know that they continue a serious genetic disease may not want to give birth to a child, to avoid the risk of passing the disease to their offspring.Still, some families choose to adopt believing that they will be saving a child, offering a loving and supportive family. This is mainly the reason why some people prefer international adoption to national adoption, believing they offer service to the developing world. They usually choose children from developing countries, where the standard of living is very low and they mainly prefer children with no families or relatives, who live in orphanage.International adoption has received widespread media coverage lately, due to the recent adoption of foreign children by some(prenominal) high-profile celebrities. Nowadays, there are many cases of noted people who choose to adopt. Generally, famous people have the same reasons for adopting children that people who are not famous have. Adopting children may be one way for them to feel like they are helping the world out12. Moreover, famous people ofttimes have both financial resources and influence, so, in contrast to an ordinary family, adoption process is much easier for them13.There are many examples of celebrities who have adopted several children from abroad14, such as Sharon Stone, Meg Ryan (from China), Mia Farrow (from Vietnam and Korea), bloody shame/Guy Ritchie (from Malawi) and Angelina Jolie/Brad Pitt (from Cambodia, Ethiopia and Vietnam).However, in contrast to what has been discussed above, there are some negative aspects of adoption, mainly international adoption. A negative reason for adoption is when people choose to adopt in order to deduct an amount from their tax liability. In the US both those who adopt internationally and domestically can take advantage of the Adoption Tax Credit15. The Adoption Tax Credit is a worthful benefit for adopting families since they may take a tax credit for qualifying expenses paid to adopt an eligible child (including a child with special needs). much(prenominal) expenses include reasonable and necessary adoption fees, court costs, attorney fees, travelling expenses (including amounts spent for meals and lodging while away from home), and other expenses directly related to and for which the principal purpose is the legal adoption of an eligible child16.Another negative coming back is when adoption becomes so crucial to a celebrity only to get fame, power and admiration. In such cases, international adoption becomes a trend that may result in a negative impact that could last a childs lifetime. Also, a negative aspect of international adoption relates to a tendency of the rich and famous to bypass the law. Celebrities sometimes are bending the rules and pushing the boundaries to bring babies to their own countries. They do not always respect the laws of the third countries and do not follow the procedures as ordinary people usually do.Two cases of famous people that have been discussed a lot are the cases of Madonna and Angelina Jolie. Angelina Jolie acts as a very good example. She has adopted following the proper procedures, she has shown groovy sensitiveness and interest in such issues and has been Goodwill Ambassador for the UN Refugee Agency. On the other hand, Madonna has not followed all the proper procedures according to the Malawian Law, and there have been legal disputes over whether her adoption was totally legal or not17. Her practice was condemned by many humanitarian organisations and agencies that deal with international adoptions (ISS Headquarters in Gene va expressed their disapproval for the way the procedure was carried out).In short, the discussion in this part of the essay has focused on the rationale behind international adoption. Evidently, there is a trend towards international adoption, which is attributed to the increasing demand for adoption in the U.S. It appears that many people turn to international adoption because the supply of national children for adoption is lower than demand18. Also, the rising number of single mothers in America as well as in the rest of the western world has turned international adoption into an attractive preference to national adoption, with its legal complexities and the preference for married couples.INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION IN THE U.S. IS IT JUSTIFIED?Adoption, either national or international, came into effect so that children can live in a loving and good for you(p) environment. In addition, through adoption, individuals as well as childless couples who wish to raise a child can enjoy parenthood.Adoption involves three parties, the child (adoptee), the family (adoptive parents) and the home country of the child (birth parents). It is evident that adoption alters traditional family structure and functioning. In other words, positive and negative aspects of international adoption emerge for each one of these parties.Positive aspectsFor the adopteeAs I stated previously, United States citizens started adopting orphan children from other countries in substantial numbers after World War II. Moreover, over the last twenty years, many children have been adopted from worthless countries all over the world.So there are numerous positive aspects for the orphan and wretched children worldwide. Research shows that children do best when raised in a supportive, fondness family19. The most important is that international adoption supplys a permanent family for the orphan children worldwide.Also, nowadays, many high society individuals are adopting children from underdevelope d nations. This, besides a good home to live, provides the children with a secure future. Living with a rich family, children can have not only a decent living, but also good educational opportunities that they would never have had in their birth country. In addition, most children who need new homes are older than five, sick, disabled, or somehow traumatised. So they have more opportunities for a better life if adopted by a prosperous and caring family.Statistical data derived from parents, teachers and children themselves show that the vast majority of the adopted children demonstrate satisfactory alteration20. More specifically, adopted children felt strongly attached to their adoptive families. This can be explained, in part, by the fact that the American society is highly multi-cultural, reducing thus the time for adjustment of a new member originating from a foreign country. Evidently, adjustment is even easier for an adopted international child at the age of five, which is q uite malleable and open to stimuli from a different culture.For the adoptive parentsMost adults, when they get married plan to have children. Few of these individuals expect ahead of time that there will be difficulties in conceiving a child. Yet, approximately, one in six couples in the U.S. will consume a fertility problem21. When this happens, most couples seek a medical solution. Nearly 50% of them will be eventually able to have a child biologically22. The remaining couples must decide whether to remain childless or to seek parenthood through adoption.There are thousands of children without a family all over the world and people who wish to adopt have a better chance of obtaining a child internationally. Thus they are able to give a permanent home and a nurturing environment for an orphan child. This is definitely a positive scenario and, according to statistical data derived from interviews, adoptive parents expressed significant satisfaction in their roles23.For the birth p arentsThe biological parents are forced to give away their children, usually because they are very poor, and they cannot provide a stable home and the necessary basics for living. Giving their child for adoption makes them happy that their child gets a family, and a secure future in a loving and fit environment. Even though the process of separation from their children is painful, they realise that this is a far better solution than not being able to provide their children with a safe, healthy and promising future. On occasions when the mother is very young and has little or no experience to raise a child, adoption is also a better option than entrusting the fate of a newborn to an inexperienced mother, who may be living in the slums of an impoverished nation.For the society of the birth parentsInternational adoption brings significant financial resources into poor countries, putting them in a better economic condition. Still, societies are deprived of their younger members in case s where the adoptee goes to another country.Celebrities like Madonna and Angelina Jolie have provided significant financial resources to poor countries. In addition, celebrity adoptions, through the publicity that they have, play a major role in increasing peoples sensory faculty as regards poverty all over the world.Negative aspectsFor the adopteeInternational adoption often, but not always, involves trans-racial placement. Opponents of trans-racial adoption suggest that placement of children outside their own racial group will undermine the development of positive racial identity, ultimately leading to cultural genocide24.The childs removal from its birth country would mean the red ink of the childs original language and culture. According to research, adopted children may experience the bolshie of birth parents and extended birth family loss of status loss of ethnic, racial, and genealogical connections, loss of feelings of stability in the adoptive family, and loss of identit y25. For some children, adoption is associated with feelings of confusion, sadness, anger, embarrassment, and shame. When children begin to understand the meaning and implications of adoption, around five to seven years of age, take of sensitivity to adoption related stigma and loss occurs. Some children appraise being adopted in negative ways and have great adjustment problems. In reality, the younger the children the more sensitive they are to adoption issues.For the adoptive parentsAmong the many tasks experienced by parents are those associated with coping with infertility and the transition to adoptive parenthood, discussing adoption with their child, creating a family environment that supports the childs exploration of adoption issues, helping their child cope with loss, supporting a positive self-image and identity in their child in relation to adoption and, in some cases, as the adoptee moves into adolescence and adulthood, supporting their childs plans to search for birth family. Although not necessarily a negative implication of adoption, it is a great challenge for the adoptive parents, especially when they have adopted a child from abroad. For this child, the pursuit of answers to questions about his/her origins, cultural differences, ethnic background and the like is a long journey that many a times has an unclear destination.The decision to adopt a child is not an easy choice. Profound stress, typically associated with infertility, often results in both short-term and long-term psychological problems, including heightened feelings of anxiety, guilt, shame, anger, and depression diminished self-esteem and marital difficulties26.For the birth parentsThe child is genetically connected with the birthparents and this connection is lost with adoption. As a result, birthparents suffer from a loss of their role as parents, which makes them feel irresponsible and incapable of bringing up their child. Sometimes birthparents are under great pressure and ar e enforced to give their child to adoption against their will. Sometimes they worry about the future of their child, and they wonder if they will ever see it again. They may feel anger with themselves, with the society, even with the adoptive parents. And the most important issue is that they will have to deal with this for the rest of their lives.From what has been covered in the preceding paragraphs it is concluded that adoption can change significantly the life of all parties involved. Adoption is therefore justified and should be made with the best interests of the child. Likewise, international adoption should be an option only when and if there is no viable alternative in the childs country of origin27. It should be also mentioned that Unicef believes that international adoption should be considered as a last resort, for children who cannot find a permanent home in their country28.CONCLUSIONThrough my study I can understand that international adoption constitutes a great part of the total adoption and has caused public reaction, both positive and negative. I agree with adoption critics, which focus on the issue of exploitation since adoption often involves the transfer of children from less to more privileged people, or from black to white families29. However, I would like to make it clear that international adoption does not always cause injustice. It should be taken under consideration that there are many orphan children in poor countries or families that are not in a good situation to raise a child.In the case of international adoption, I believe that all alternative solutions for orphan children in poor countries should be considered. These children have no home and family and they are suffering neglected in various institutions. Keeping orphan children in inadequate institutions rather than giving them good permanent homes, does not mean that they will be happier. If a family in their country could offer them home, love and affection, I am convinced this solution would be preferred. If not, international adoption clearly represents an extraordinarily positive option for them. Otherwise, homeless children around the world will probably live or die in inadequate institutions or on the streets.In my opinion the U.S. is a suitable new home for internationally adopted children since a large part of the population who want to adopt a child are well-off and can offer a good and caring family. Since the number of national children for adoption is less than the demand for adoptions, international adoption is the next best alternative30. To this end, international adoption in the U.S. is justified. Yet, we should not overlook the negative impact of international adoption discussed in the previous section and the implications it may have on the child, the original parents and the country of birth. Ideally, it would be better to provide a home in the country of birth but this is not always possible if the child was born in a very poor co untry, where social care and infrastructure to support local adoption are non-existent.Banning international adoption will not solve the problems of homelessness in poor countries. Being anti-foreign without a reason is not reasonable. As far as international adoption works well under the existing adoption laws and serves childrens interests, it should be justified and facilitated. The destructive earthquake in Haiti left almost 300,000 people dead and thousands of children without a family. I am of the opinion that for many of these children, international adoption could be a justifiable solution and a unique opportunity for the U.S. to prove that its citizens can make good use of it for the sake of the children and their future.

Indigenous Health Essay -- Transcultural Theory, Culture

INTRODUCTION Indigenous health is a vital tool in health care today. The case study is virtually an native lady who is from a remote community. This case study will define kitchen-gardening shock, transcultural theory. Finally it will states the recommendations that can be acquired to improve the menstruum indigenous health care issue as it can be noted that the indigenous health tends has been deteoriating. Culture shockCulture is all about an individual knowledge based on belief ,art,morals customs.Therefore culture shock occurs when people have different values and beliefs and are not tolerant of individually others differences(Eckermann,Dowd,Chong,Nixon,Gray and Johnson,2006.).The separation of important people in our lives such as family, friends and colleagues that we would often talk to at times in our certainity can affect our physical societal emotional and mental health(Eckermann,Dowd,Chong,Nixon,Gray and Johnson,2006.).Jenny in this case has to fly to a hospital in a town to give birth,she is separated from her husband and her kids,another example of culture shock is when Isabel is fed through Naso-gastric tube whereas Jenny is used to breast feeding. Indigenous dispossessionGermov,(2009) stated that the invasion and subsequent settlement of Australia by the British was declared to be terra nullius which means an unoccupied land. The term reveals the ethnocentric belief that the indigenous occupants of the continent had no claim to the land,because they did not exploit it as Europeans would, (Germov, 2009,p.160).Indigenous Australia were nomads and take care for food from one send off to another.According to Germov (2009)however,after the British people began cultivating the land for ... ...s health has been an issue since past and is still an issue upto now. In conclusion appropriate fill needs to be taken in order to help indigenous Australians to improve the health of individuals thereby mak ing the society a better place for all. REFERENCES Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (Eds.). (2009). Chapter 8, Potter & PerrysFundamentals of nursing (3rd ed.). Sydney Mosby. Eckermann, A., Dowd,T., Chong, E., Nixon, L., Gray, R., & Johnson,S.(2006). Binan Goonj Bridging cultures in Aboriginal health. (2nded.). Sydney Churchill LivingstonGermov, J. (2009). Second opinion An introduction to health sociology (4thed.). Victoria Oxford University Press.Willis, K. & Elmer, S. (2007). Society, culture and health An introduction tosociology for nurses. Victoria, Australia Oxford University Press.

Sports - For Men ONLY Essay -- Research Essays

Sports - For Men ONLYMany people have the stereotype that males are to a greater extent competitive than females. How a person develops this belief is single aspect of the research that I will study. It may be because it is only if politically correct to be so. Since this is unfeigned, it is also believed that work force prefer to ravish aggressive athletics more than wo manpower do. I am a huge fan of almost any type of team sport. You name it, I probably enjoy it. I am not sure why this is true. It could simply be because Im a guy, or because I was raised watching sports or because I played high school athletics for a year. This is why I decided to choose this interesting topic. I wanted to know if it is true that men enjoy watching physical team sports than women enjoy them. Furthermore, if this is true, I wanted to find out why it is that way. Physical team sports include football, basketball game and hockey.Despite this claim, there may be some people who do n ot find this true. Many females enjoy sports. I am a familiarity with many women who enjoy football, especially. There are evening guys who do not even know that sports may exist. They have more important things to worry nigh in life. I find this hard to believe, because I was raised following and loving sports. This is why I will prove that men enjoy sports even more than popular belief. Many methods were used in an attempt to prove or disprove my hypothesis. I performed a survey on ten college students, I observed a group of people watching athletic events and I also observed television commercials to determine if advertisers are more biased toward men for athletics. Later, in order to establish further proof to my conclusions, a final interview was used on four college students. For th... ... successfully prove my hypothesis. Surely, more men enjoy watching and participating in physical athletics such as football, basketball and hockey than women do. I was able to prove this through the survey, shell study and interviews administered. I also used commercials and advertisements to further assist the research. One can certainly see that through all four methods sports pertain to men a lot more than they do to women. This is believed to be so since there are more professional athletics available to men and also it is only proper for a man to watch sports due to what is politically correct. Women are supposed to tend to the house and believe that there are more important things to life than just sports. I believe that society hopes eventually these stereotypes can be eliminated and sports will not be considered gender specific aimed toward men.

hit and run :: essays research papers

Its like Im dead. But Im not, I guess Im grievously dead to my surroundings or everyone is just trying to make me feel that way. I walk through the crowed halls at my school, no one turns a head, no one smiles, its like Im walking through a bunch of ghosts, or am I really the ghost? at that place are so many questions that I try to answer in the back of my head while Im taking these steps to family line room. Everyone usually feels sorry for the person who has no friends or is considered a freak. Not in my case, no one ever talks to me, so I neer talk to them. I am what you would consider a nobody, a freak, a loner. Yet really Im none of those, because no one even knows my name. People call it the New Year, a new year to change things you dont like about yourself. Yet its really hard for me to do that, because I dont even think I know myself. All I know is that I go to school move good grades, except in math, run cross country, go home, wash my hands, do my homework, and lay in bed, I never actually fall asleep. My parents regulate I have a problem, a mental one. I say its because Im related to them. Theyll never understand me, and Ill never understand them, thats just the way its going to be. They have to deal with it, even if they say they providet. JANUARY 2, 2007 Im hesitating. I cant feel a thing. I took something this morning. I cant tell a soul, even though there is no one to tell. I look down the hall to first period. Seems like theres three miles between me and the door, like Im running a race. tip I tell myself, just breath, stop thinking, just breath. Ive made it, to my destination, if you call it a destination in itself. The school day is such a blur to me, nothing merely interesting. Same thing everyday, no one speaks to me, no one looks at me, nothing. My eyes hurt Im sodding(a) too hard at something, or someone in that matter. The only good thing about being ignored is that you can do glut and people wont notice but if you were normal, people would notice in a minute.

Anthropomorphized Creativity :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Anthropomorphized Creativity It starts at 2 oclock in the morning, a blank sheet in front of your eyes and a blank brain behind. Whether for grades, for money, for for glory, for love, or for self respect, you put one across to put your thoughts down in a coherent form, but you cannot. You beg for the ability to shift let on of neutral and get writing, but it doesnt come. And like any human being since we started carving into bone and shaping clay, you start to put in your minds eye a face to what you are seeking. It has eyes, brows, a nose, and of course, a slight contemptuous smirk. That same tendency that has lead to the fashioning of idols now comes to you.The secret of creativeness, (Carl Jungs phrase) like the philosophers stone, is an abstraction that has tempted galore(postnominal) great minds into building theoretical structures that try to explain the creative process, and that fail to do so for a majority of creative artists. Jung calls it a transcendental worry wh ich the psychologist cannot answer but can only describe. In his essay The creative person Jung attempts to describe the creative process using the ideas and metaphors of his eponymous theories. These attempt to replace the artist, a living, breathing human being, with abstractions according to which the artist is an impersonal creative process. While I recently read through his essay The Artist, and through Nathaniel Hawthornes story The Artist of the Beautiful, what came to my mind were those writers whose own creative processes did not fit Hawthornes and Jungs notions. I can only chalk this up to my contrarian nature and to my choice of authors. Although more likely, it is because of my own idolatry.The author Harlan Ellison doesnt relish being asked about the secret of creativeness, at least so far as it pertains to himself. Questions about it prompt him to give a brief description of how he gets his ideas from a mail order business in Schenectady, New York. (They also cause h im to change colors all through the spectrum.) His glib reaction points to the difficulty of describing the creative process in a way that will carry from one artist over to many. The challenge is compounded by the prejudices we have about the human mind in general. Every idea about the human mind is an abstraction that cannot but repel as many good deal as it attracts.